Book Description

A wide variety of problems that are encountered in different fields can be formulated as an inference problem. Common examples of such inference problems include estimating parameters of a model from some observations, inverse problems where an unobserved signal is to be estimated based on a given model and some measurements, or a combination of the two where hidden signals along with some parameters of the model are to be estimated jointly. For example, various tasks in machine learning such as image inpainting and super-resolution can be cast as an inverse problem over deep neural networks. Similarly, in computational neuroscience, a common task is to estimate the parameters of a nonlinear dynamical system from neuronal activities. Despite wide application of different models and algorithms to solve these problems, our theoretical understanding of how these algorithms work is often incomplete. In this work, we try to bridge the gap between theory and practice by providing theoretical analysis of three different estimation problems. First, we consider the problem of estimating the input and hidden layer signals in a given multi-layer stochastic neural network with all the signals being matrix valued. Various problems such as multitask regression and classification, and inverse problems that use deep generative priors can be modeled as inference problem over multi-layer neural networks. We consider different types of estimators for such problems and exactly analyze the performance of these estimators in a certain high-dimensional regime known as the large system limit. Our analysis allows us to obtain the estimation error of all the hidden signals in the deep neural network as expectations over low-dimensional random variables that are characterized via a set of equations called the state evolution. Next, we analyze the problem of estimating a signal from convolutional observations via ridge estimation. Such convolutional inverse problems arise naturally in several fields such as imaging and seismology. The shared weights of the convolution operator introduces dependencies in the observations that makes analysis of such estimators difficult. By looking at the problem in the Fourier domain and using results about Fourier transform of a class of random processes, we show that this problem can be reduced to analysis of multiple ordinary ridge estimators, one for each frequency. This allows us to write the estimation error of the ridge estimator as an integral that depends on the spectrum of the underlying random process that generates the input features. Finally, we conclude this work by considering the problem of estimating the parameters of a multi-dimensional autoregressive generalized linear model with discrete values. Such processes take a linear combination of the past outputs of the process as the mean parameter of a generalized linear model that generates the future values. The coefficients of the linear combination are the parameters of the model and we seek to estimate these parameters under the assumption that they are sparse. This model can be used for example to model the spiking activity of neurons. In this problem, we obtain a high-probability upper bound for the estimation error of the parameters. Our experiments further support these theoretical results.