Exploration of specific properties and functions of specific members of the NF-Y family


Book Description

Kurzbeschreibung Der eukaryotische Transkriptionsfaktor nuclear factor y (NF-Y) besteht aus den Untereinheiten A, B und C und bindet an das als CCAAT-Box bekannte cis-Element. Während in Menschen und Säugern die drei Untereinheiten von jeweils nur einem Gen kodiert werden, existieren in Arabidopsis thaliana 10, 13 und 13 Gene für die NF-Y Untereinheiten A, B und C. Für einige der pflanzlichen NF-Y Untereinheiten wurden mitunter wichtige Rollen in ganz unterschiedlichen physiologischen Prozessen beschrieben. Basierend auf vorangegangenen Expressionsstudien aller NF-Y Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, während unterschiedlicher Entwicklungsstadien und als Antwort auf verschiedene Stresssimuli, wurden bestimmte NF-Y Gene für weitergehende Untersuchungen ausgewählt. Zum Nachweis einzelner NF-Y Untereinheiten in den entsprechenden Überexpressionspflanzen als auch im Wildtyp (WT) wurden spezifische polyklonale Antikörper erzeugt. Die Zell-spezifische Expression ausgewählter NF-Y Gene wurde anhand von Promotor::GUS Konstrukten in stabil transformierten Arabidopsis-Pflanzen analysiert. Histochemische Untersuchungen zeigten eine erhöhte GUS-Expression in NF-YB3::GUSPflanzen nach Verwundung auf. Quantitative RT-PCR Experimente deuteten auf eine Beteiligung von NF-YB3 an der spezifischen Antwort auf Wundstress hin. Zur Untersuchung der Funktion von NF-Y Untereinheiten während der zellulären Antwort auf abiotischen Stress wurde ein reverse genetic Ansatz gewählt. Die loss-of function Pflanzen nf-yb3 und nfya5 zeigten jeweils eine verspätete Blütenbildung unter Langtag-Bedingungen (LD). Demzufolge spielen NF-YB3 als auch NF-YA5 eine wichtige Rolle während der photoperiodischen Blühinduktion. Darüberhinaus zeigten Transkriptanalysen eine verminderte Expression von FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) und SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) in nf-yb3 und nf-ya5. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen das existierende Modell, dass der NF-Y Komplex mit dem CONSTANS (CO) Protein interagiert und so die Blühinduktion anhand der Expression von FT in Arabidopsis reguliert. NF-A5 spielt zusätzlich auch eine Rolle während des Wachstums und der Entwicklung von Pflanzen. 35S::NF-YA5- Pflanzen waren zwergwüchsig. Diese morphologische Veränderung von NF-YA5 überexprimierenden Pflanzen kann nicht durch die exogene Gabe von Gibberelinsäure (GA) verhindert werden. Bei genauerer Untersuchung der Anatomie zeigten 35S::NF-YA5 kleinere Blattzellen als der WT. Demzufolge spielt NFYA5 eine entscheidende Rolle während des Längenwachstums von Blattzellen. Description In yeast and mammals, the transcription factor nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is composed of the subunits A, B and C and binds to the CCAAT box cis-elements. While human and animals encode the three subunits of NF-Y each in single copy gene, Arabidopsis thaliana possesses 10, 13 and 13 genes encoding the NF-Y subunits A, B and C, respectively. A few individual plant NF-Y subunits have been described to be involved in a number of important biological processes. Based on previous expression profiles of all NF-Y genes in Arabidopsis thaliana during development and in response to stress conditions, some candidate genes for NF-Y subunits were selected for detailed analysis. Specific polyclonal antibodies raised against the selected NF-Y subunit confirmed the presence of the corresponding subunit in wild-type (WT) and overexpressor plants. The selected NF-Y genes were analyzed on their cell-specific expression pattern during plant development by using promoter::GUS fusion gene constructs in stable transformed Arabidopsis plants. Histochemical analysis revealed that the GUS expression was induced in NF-YB3::GUS plants responding to wounding. Quantitative RTPCR experiments suggested that NF-YB3 is involved in wounding stress responses. A reverse genetic approach was used to examine the functions of the NF-Y subunits under abiotic stress. The loss-of function nf-yb3 and nf-ya5 plants both exhibited delayed flowering under long-day (LD) conditions. This indicates that NF-YB3 and NF-YA5 are necessary for photoperiod-dependent flowering. Transcript analysis suggested that the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) was reduced in absence of NF-YB3 or NF-YA5. These results underlined the existing model, in which a NF-Y complex interacts with CONSTANS (CO) to control flowering time through regulating the expression of FT in Arabidopsis. In addition to changes in flowering time, NF-YA5 plays a role in plant growth and development. A dwarf phenotype was observed in 35S::NF-YA5 plants. These morphological alterations of NF-YA5 overexpressor plants were not rescued by the application of exogenous gibberellins (GA). The anatomical analysis revealed that the leaf cell of 35S::NF-YA5 plants was smaller than WT. This suggested that NF-YA5 plays a role in leaf cell elongation.







Backpacker


Book Description

Backpacker brings the outdoors straight to the reader's doorstep, inspiring and enabling them to go more places and enjoy nature more often. The authority on active adventure, Backpacker is the world's first GPS-enabled magazine, and the only magazine whose editors personally test the hiking trails, camping gear, and survival tips they publish. Backpacker's Editors' Choice Awards, an industry honor recognizing design, feature and product innovation, has become the gold standard against which all other outdoor-industry awards are measured.







Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology


Book Description

Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics, Three Volume Set combines elements of computer science, information technology, mathematics, statistics and biotechnology, providing the methodology and in silico solutions to mine biological data and processes. The book covers Theory, Topics and Applications, with a special focus on Integrative –omics and Systems Biology. The theoretical, methodological underpinnings of BCB, including phylogeny are covered, as are more current areas of focus, such as translational bioinformatics, cheminformatics, and environmental informatics. Finally, Applications provide guidance for commonly asked questions. This major reference work spans basic and cutting-edge methodologies authored by leaders in the field, providing an invaluable resource for students, scientists, professionals in research institutes, and a broad swath of researchers in biotechnology and the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Brings together information from computer science, information technology, mathematics, statistics and biotechnology Written and reviewed by leading experts in the field, providing a unique and authoritative resource Focuses on the main theoretical and methodological concepts before expanding on specific topics and applications Includes interactive images, multimedia tools and crosslinking to further resources and databases




School, Family, and Community Partnerships


Book Description

Strengthen programs of family and community engagement to promote equity and increase student success! When schools, families, and communities collaborate and share responsibility for students′ education, more students succeed in school. Based on 30 years of research and fieldwork, the fourth edition of the bestseller School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action, presents tools and guidelines to help develop more effective and more equitable programs of family and community engagement. Written by a team of well-known experts, it provides a theory and framework of six types of involvement for action; up-to-date research on school, family, and community collaboration; and new materials for professional development and on-going technical assistance. Readers also will find: Examples of best practices on the six types of involvement from preschools, and elementary, middle, and high schools Checklists, templates, and evaluations to plan goal-linked partnership programs and assess progress CD-ROM with slides and notes for two presentations: A new awareness session to orient colleagues on the major components of a research-based partnership program, and a full One-Day Team Training Workshop to prepare school teams to develop their partnership programs. As a foundational text, this handbook demonstrates a proven approach to implement and sustain inclusive, goal-linked programs of partnership. It shows how a good partnership program is an essential component of good school organization and school improvement for student success. This book will help every district and all schools strengthen and continually improve their programs of family and community engagement.







International Review of Cytology


Book Description

International Review of Cytology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology - both plant and animal. Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research. Articles in this volume address cellulose metabolism in plants; survivin: a protein with dual roles in mitosis and apoptosis; hypothalamic tanycytes: a key component of brain-endocrine interaction; short retroposons (SINEs) in eukaryotic genomes; plant genome analysis: the state of the art.




Recent Advances in Drosophila Cellular and Humoral Innate Immunity


Book Description

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.