Exploring Native American Culture Through Conflicting Cultural Views


Book Description

Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 1,0, Humboldt-University of Berlin (Department of English and American Studies), course: Native American Literature, language: English, abstract: INTRODUCTION Karen Louise Erdrich, born in Minnesota in 1954 as the eldest of seven children, was raised Catholic in Wahpeton, North Dakota, where her parents taught at the Wahpeton Indian Boarding School. Her fiction reflects facets of her mixed heritage: she is German-American by her father, as well as French and Ojibwa (also known as Chippewa or Anishinaabe) by her mother. Louise Erdrich left North Dakota in 1972 and entered Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, where she met Michael Dorris, a mixed-blood Modoc Indian writer who founded the Native American Studies department at the college. Collaboratively, they published "Route Two" (1990) and "The Crown of Columbus" (1991). Erdrich and Dorris married in 1981, but were in the midst of divorce proceedings when he committed suicide in 1997. "I knew that Michael was suicidal from the second year of our marriage," Erdrich said in an interview. The award-winning writer is considered to be one of the most significant Native American novelists from the "second wave" of what is called the Native American Renaissance (see chapter 1.2). She is an enrolled member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Ojibwe. "No one knew yet how many were lost, people kept no track." (Tracks, p. 15) "Tracks" (1988) Erdrich's novel Tracks, which is to be explored in the present argument, is the third part of an initially planned tetralogy, including "Love Medicine" (1984), "The Beet Queen" (1986), and "The Bingo Palace" (1994). Louise Erdrich created a novel cycle, exploring the lives of various generations of Chippewa family who live on a fictional reservation in North Dakota in the twentieth century, a time when Indian tribes were struggling to retain their remaining land. Chronologically speaking, it is the family's




Exploring Native American Culture through Conflicting Cultural Views: "Magical Realism" in Louise Erdrich’s "Tracks"


Book Description

Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 1,0, Humboldt-University of Berlin (Department of English and American Studies), course: Native American Literature, language: English, abstract: INTRODUCTION Karen Louise Erdrich, born in Minnesota in 1954 as the eldest of seven children, was raised Catholic in Wahpeton, North Dakota, where her parents taught at the Wahpeton Indian Boarding School. Her fiction reflects facets of her mixed heritage: she is German-American by her father, as well as French and Ojibwa (also known as Chippewa or Anishinaabe) by her mother. Louise Erdrich left North Dakota in 1972 and entered Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, where she met Michael Dorris, a mixed-blood Modoc Indian writer who founded the Native American Studies department at the college. Collaboratively, they published "Route Two" (1990) and "The Crown of Columbus" (1991). Erdrich and Dorris married in 1981, but were in the midst of divorce proceedings when he committed suicide in 1997. ”I knew that Michael was suicidal from the second year of our marriage,” Erdrich said in an interview. The award-winning writer is considered to be one of the most significant Native American novelists from the “second wave” of what is called the Native American Renaissance (see chapter 1.2). She is an enrolled member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Ojibwe. “No one knew yet how many were lost, people kept no track.” (Tracks, p. 15) "Tracks" (1988) Erdrich’s novel Tracks, which is to be explored in the present argument, is the third part of an initially planned tetralogy, including "Love Medicine" (1984), "The Beet Queen" (1986), and "The Bingo Palace" (1994). Louise Erdrich created a novel cycle, exploring the lives of various generations of Chippewa family who live on a fictional reservation in North Dakota in the twentieth century, a time when Indian tribes were struggling to retain their remaining land. Chronologically speaking, it is the family’s earliest period—from 1912 to 1924—that is related in Tracks. In most of her works, Erdrich uses several characters to narrate alternating chapters, presenting a story that unfolds from multiple perspectives. "Tracks" is told retrospectively by two homodiegetic narrators: Pauline Puyat, a mixed-blood who denies her Indian “half” in order to be accepted into the convent and changes her name to Sister Leopolda, and Nanapush, an older Native American who tells his story to a named addressee, his granddaughter Lulu: “You were born on the day we shot the last bear, drunk, on the reservation.” ("Tracks", p. 58) "Tracks" is constructed as mutually referential focalization, ...




Native American Students' Experiences of Cultural Differences in College


Book Description

The culture of most colleges and universities is very different for Native American students with close ties to their traditional communities. "Traditional," in a Native American sense, means multiple interconnections of emotional, physical, intellectual, and spiritual identity that combine to define expectations for the Native American way. This traditional cultural perspective is often in conflict with college cultures where typically only the academic or social aspects of identity are addressed. Research on college students of several ethnicities has found that the experience of post-secondary education can change individuals' attitudes, values, and behaviors. However, none of these studies focused on the experience of Native American students. This study attempted to determine how students' with a traditional Native American upbringing feel that their attitudes, values, and behaviors have been changed by exposure to the Western culture of a college environment, and further, whether this potential change was a factor in their academic persistence. In order to begin to explore Native American students' experiences of recognizing and negotiating differences of culture, attitudes, and values, this study analyzed unstructured qualitative interviews of 15 Native American college students. Themes resulting from the analysis of texts that describe the students' experiences included class differences, feeling academically unprepared, lifestyle differences, desire to disprove negative stereotypes, importance of finding supportive others, experiences of greater diversity, experiences of cultural tension, changes in viewpoint, increased independence, and an increased desire to give back to their native communities.




Issues in Native American Cultural Identity


Book Description

Issues in Native American Cultural Identity is a multi-faceted collection of essays that explore the cultural, historical, legal, philosophical, and political significance of cultural identity to the indigenous people and nations of the United States. In addition to exploring the conceptual and historical conditions for the development of cultural identity, it analyzes and evaluates from a variety of disciplinary perspectives an array of cultural identities that have been assigned to Native Americans by the dominant culture as well as various identities that the Native Americans have developed or are developing for themselves in order to prevent cultural genocide.




Culture and Resource Conflict


Book Description

In a multi-cultural society, differing worldviews among groups can lead to conflict over competing values and behaviors. Nowhere is this tension more concrete than in the wilderness, where people of different cultures hunt and fish for the same animals. White Americans tend to see nature as something external which they have some responsibility to care for. In contrast, Native Americans are more likely to see themselves as one with nature. In Culture and Resource Conflict, authors Douglas Medin, Norbert Ross, and Douglas Cox investigate the discord between whites and Menominee American Indians over hunting and fishing, and in the process, contribute to our understanding of how and why cultures so often collide. Based on detailed ethnographic and experimental research, Culture and Resource Conflict finds that Native American and European American hunters and fishermen have differing approaches—or mental models—with respect to fish and game, and that these differences lead to misunderstanding, stereotyping, and conflict. Menominee look at the practice of hunting and fishing for sport as a sign of a lack of respect for nature. Whites, on the other hand, define respect for nature more on grounds of resource management and conservation. Some whites believe—contrary to fact—that Native Americans are depleting animal populations with excessive hunting and fishing, while the Menominee protest that they only hunt what they need and make extensive use of their catch. Yet the authors find that, despite these differences, the two groups share the fundamental underlying goal of preserving fish and game for future generations, and both groups see hunting and fishing as deeply meaningful activities. At its core, the conflict between these two groups is more about mistrust and stereotyping than actual disagreement over values. Combining the strengths of psychology and anthropology, Culture and Resource Conflict shows how misunderstandings about the motives of others can lead to hostility and conflict. As debates over natural resources rage worldwide, this unique book demonstrates the obstacles that must be overcome for different groups to reach consensus over environmental policy.




American Indians and Christian Missions


Book Description

In this absorbing history, Henry Warner Bowden chronicles the encounters between native Americans and the evangelizing whites from the period of exploration and colonization to the present. He writes with a balanced perspective that pleads no special case for native separatism or Christian uniqueness. Ultimately, he broadens our understanding of both intercultural exchanges and the continuing strength of American Indian spirituality, expressed today in Christian forms as well as in revitalized folkways. "Bowden makes a radical departure from the traditional approach. Drawing on the theories and findings of anthropologists, archaeologists, and historians, he presents Indian-missionary relations as a series of cultural encounters, the outcomes of which were determined by the content of native beliefs, the structure of native religious institutions, and external factors such as epidemic diseases and military conflicts, as well as by the missionaries' own resources and abilities. The result is a provocative, insightful historical essay that liberates a complex subject from the narrow perimeters of past discussions and accords it an appropriate richness and complexity. . . . For anyone with an interest in Indian-missionary relations, from the most casual to the most specialized, this book is the place to begin."—Neal Salisbury, Theology Today "If one wishes to read a concise, thought-provoking ethnohistory of Indian missions, 1540-1980, this is it. Henry Warner Bowden's history, perhaps for the first time, places the sweep of Christian evangelism fully in the context of vigorous, believable, native religions."—Robert H. Keller, Jr., American Historical Review




Custer Died For Your Sins


Book Description

Standing Rock Sioux activist, professor, and attorney Vine Deloria, Jr., shares his thoughts about U.S. race relations, federal bureaucracies, Christian churches, and social scientists in a collection of eleven eye-opening essays infused with humor. This “manifesto” provides valuable insights on American Indian history, Native American culture, and context for minority protest movements mobilizing across the country throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. Originally published in 1969, this book remains a timeless classic and is one of the most significant nonfiction works written by a Native American.




Indian Wars


Book Description

The anthology 'Indian Wars' offers a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted conflicts between Native American tribes and European settlers, providing readers with a rich tapestry of perspectives across various forms and eras. This collection skillfully weaves together eyewitness accounts, historical analyses, and personal narratives, covering a wide range of literary styles from the firsthand sobering testimonies of Black Hawk to the meticulous historical recounting by Alexander Scott Withers. It stands out for its inclusion of diverse viewpoints, including those of Native Americans, settlers, and scholars, thereby offering a holistic understanding of the events and their lasting impacts. The significance of this anthology lies not only in the diversity of voices but also in the depth with which it engages with the complexities of history, culture, and identity. The contributing authors and editors, with backgrounds spanning from first-hand participants such as the warrior Black Hawk to early 20th-century documentarians like Joseph Kossuth Dixon, bring a remarkable depth of insight into the Indian Wars. Their collective works align with various historical and cultural movements, presenting the Indian Wars not just as historical events but as pivotal moments that shaped the trajectory of American identity and the discourse on rights, sovereignty, and national memory. Their combined expertise offers an unparalleled exploration of the cultural, political, and personal dimensions of these conflicts, making the anthology an essential contribution to the field. 'Indian Wars' is a must-read for anyone interested in American history, indigenous studies, or military history. It presents a unique opportunity to engage with the complex narratives surrounding the Indian Wars through a collection that emphasizes the value of diverse perspectives and scholarly diligence. Readers are encouraged to explore this volume not only for its educational worth but for its profound insights into the enduring questions of justice, memory, and the human condition. Through this anthology, one gains not just knowledge but an invitation to reflect on the narratives that shape our understanding of the past and its influence on the present and future.




Reservation Politics


Book Description

For Native Americans, tribal politics are paramount. They determine the standards for tribal enrollment, guide negotiations with outside governments, and help set collective economic and cultural goals. But how, asks Raymond I. Orr, has history shaped the American Indian political experience? By exploring how different tribes’ politics and internal conflicts have evolved over time, Reservation Politics offers rare insight into the role of historical experience in the political lives of Native Americans. To trace variations in political conflict within tribes today to their different historical experiences, Orr conducted an ethnographic analysis of three federally recognized tribes: the Isleta Pueblo in New Mexico, the Citizen Potawatomi in Oklahoma, and the Rosebud Sioux in South Dakota. His extensive interviews and research reveal that at the center of tribal politics are intratribal factions with widely different worldviews. These factions make conflicting claims about the purpose, experience, and identity of their tribe. Reservation Politics points to two types of historical experience relevant to the construction of tribes’ political and economic worldviews: historical trauma, such as ethnic cleansing or geographic removal, and the incorporation of Indian communities into the market economy. In Orr's case studies, differences in experience and interpretation gave rise to complex worldviews that in turn have shaped the beliefs and behavior at play in Native politics. By engaging a topic often avoided in political science and American Indian studies, Reservation Politics allows us to see complex historical processes at work in contemporary Native American life. Orr’s findings are essential to understanding why tribal governments make the choices they do.




Environmental Clashes on Native American Land


Book Description

This book explores how the media frame environmental and scientific disputes faced by American Indian communities. Most people will never know what it is like to live on an Indian reservation in North America, or what it means to identify as an American Indian. However, when conflicts embroil Indigenous folk, as shown by the protests over a crude oil pipeline in 2016 and 2017, camera crews and reporters descend on “the rez” to cover the event. The focus of the book is how stories frame clashes in Indian Country surrounding environmental and scientific disputes, such as the Dakota Access Pipeline construction, and the discovery of an ancient skeleton in Washington. The narratives told over social media and news programs often fail to capture the issues of key importance to Native Americans, such as sovereignty: the right to self- governance. The book offers insight into how the history of Indian-settler relations sets the stage for modern clashes, and examines American Indian knowledge systems, and how they take a back seat to mainstream approaches to science in discourse.