The Changing Role of Export Credit Agencies


Book Description

Export credit agencies play an important role in international trade and investment flows. Exports insured or financed by the approximately 50 export credit agencies that are members of the Berne Union account for about 10 percent of their countries exports, which, in turn, represent about 78 percent of world exports. The IMF estimates that in 1997 debts to Berne Union members accounted for more than 21 percent of the total indebtedness of developing countries and economies in transition. Edited by Malcolm Stephens, this book provides useful background information to those whose involvement in international trade and investment brings them into contact with the services of export credit agencies.




Export America


Book Description




Global Trade Financing


Book Description

"Current trends toward financial deregulation in the United States and massive increases in the need for trade-related credit and financing worldwide have created export-import markets of unprecedented depth and complexity."-from Global Trade Financing The definitive book in its field for more than twenty-five years, Global Trade Financing (formerly titled Export-Import Financing) provides global traders, U.S. and foreign bankers, and students of global commerce with a complete and in-depth guide to every aspect of global trade financ- ing. Inside, you'll find the latest techniques and vehicles for financing all types of export and import operations at every stage of the process. You'll also discover: * Strategies for transition to the Euro * Hedging techniques including high-yield derivatives * New areas of import-export risk * Recent regulations governing documentary credit * Current financing rules Written by experts in the field, this book begins with an overview of the most important organizations that make contributions to the financing of trade and related services. The authors trace past and present trends in world trade and investment flows while evaluating the impact that these have on financial institutions and vehicles. Detailed descriptions are also provided on the services of commercial banks as well as the key private nonbank institutions that may be of financial assistance to exporters and importers. In Part 2, the steps involved with executing a transaction are spelled out along with the rights and responsibilities of the various parties involved. The general types of sales contracts and their major provisions are discussed with helpful tips to prevent any misunderstanding and conflict between the parties. And to reduce the risk of financial loss, hedging techniques for foreign exchange and ocean marine insurance are thoroughly covered. Specific techniques and vehicles of unsecured and secured lending are introduced in Part 3. This section also shows how to use Eurocurrency to finance international trade and investment. And the authors explain how the various types of letters of credit can be used as financing tools. Clearly written and easy to use, Global Trade Financing contains all the information you'll need to keep pace with the ever-changing nature of international finance. Packed with invaluable information on how transactions are executed, the effects of recent legislation, and new financing techniques, Global Trade Financing (formerly titled Export-Import Financing) is certain to remain the key resource in the field. This book thoroughly covers every aspect of export-import financing including banking deregulation, international bank custody operations, bank involvement in insurance, and changes in the maritime industry. It also features a wide range of topics, from foreign trade definitions, bank guarantees, and risk management, to shipping and collection, and the latest legislation. Written and organized for maximum clarity and accessibility, this comprehensive volume includes: * The roles of commercial banks, private institutions, and governments in export-import financing, and how they interact * How transactions are executed, including the role of foreign exchange and techniques for hedging * The tools, techniques, and vehicles for financing all types of inter-national trade, from letters of credit to bankers' acceptances The definitive guide for keeping pace with the ever-changing nature of international finance




A Basic Guide to Exporting


Book Description

Here is practical advice for anyone who wants to build their business by selling overseas. The International Trade Administration covers key topics such as marketing, legal issues, customs, and more. With real-life examples and a full index, A Basic Guide to Exporting provides expert advice and practical solutions to meet all of your exporting needs.




Financing Trade and International Supply Chains


Book Description

The vast majority of international trade is supported by some form of trade financing: a specialized, sometimes complex form of financing that is poorly understood even by bankers and seasoned finance and treasury experts. Financing Trade and International Supply Chains takes the mystery out of trade and supply chain finance, providing a practical, straightforward overview of a discipline that is fundamental to the successful conduct of trade: trade that contributes to the creation of economic value, poverty reduction and international development, while increasing prosperity across the globe. The book suggests that every trade or supply chain finance solution, no matter how elaborate, addresses some combination of four elements: facilitation of secure and timely payment, effective mitigation of risk, provision of financing and liquidity, and facilitation of transactional and financial information flow. The book includes observations on the effective use of traditional mechanisms such as Documentary Letters of Credit, as well as an overview of emerging supply chain finance solutions and programs, critical to the financing of strategic suppliers and other members of complex supply chain ecosystems. The important role of export credit agencies and international financial institutions is explored, and innovations such as the Bank Payment Obligation are addressed in detail. Financing Trade and International Supply Chains is a valuable resource for practitioners, business executives, entrepreneurs and others involved in international commerce and trade. This book balances concept with practical insight, and can help protect the financial interests of companies pursuing opportunity in international markets.




Financing International Trade


Book Description

This book examines the U.S. international trade finance system, including the banks that finance trade; the U.S. Export-Import Bank, which guarantees and insures those trade credits; the Foreign Credit Insurance Association, which insures trade credits; the Public Export Funding Corporation, which makes loans to foreign buyers of U.S. exports; and the federal, state, and local agencies and private institutions that facilitate U.S. trade. Major foreign export credit agencies are discussed and compared with the American system, which is the most comprehensive in the world in its facilitation of financing U.S. export trade.




The Ex-Im Bank in the 21st Century


Book Description

President Franklin Roosevelt created the Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) in 1934 to promote US trade in the midst of the Great Depression. At the outset, the Ex-Im Bank was instructed to supplement, not compete with, private sources of export finance. Historically, the Ex-Im Bank filled gaps when the private sector was reluctant to finance exports to politically uncertain areas--such as Latin America in the 1940s, Europe in the 1950s, and emerging markets more recently. Critics now ask whether--in the current era of vast private capital markets--significant financing gaps still exist that require government action. Put bluntly, should the Ex-Im Bank still be playing a role in financing US exports to emerging markets? Since the 1970s, the Ex-Im Bank has faced a new challenge: helping US exporters meet the financial competition from foreign export credit agencies (ECAs)--such as COFACE in France and the Export-Import Bank of Japan. The Ex-Im Bank has tried to cope with foreign ECAs in two different ways. One way is to negotiate common rules for export financing, under OECD auspices. The other is to match credit terms offered by foreign ECAs. A central question for the Ex-Im Bank in the 21st century is whether this dual strategy still provides a viable answer to an array of new forms of competition spawned by foreign ECAs. The Institute for International Economics sponsored a conference in May 2000, both to honor the Bank's 65th anniversary and to look ahead at challenges facing the Ex-Im Bank. This volume--edited by former director of the Bank, Rita Rodriguez, and Institute Senior Fellow Gary Clyde Hufbauer--presents the papers from the conference. The papers both describe the Bank's current environment and identify new problems and opportunities in a global economy characterized by highly sophisticated private finance and intense competition for export markets. This volume provides an analytical basis for evaluating the Ex-Im Bank's future and suggests options that should be considered by President George W. Bush and Congress. Contributors: Robert Rubin * James Harmon * Lorenz Schomerus * J. David Richardson * Renato Sucupira * Mauricio Moreira * William Cline * Peter Evans * Kenneth Oye * Allan Mendelowitz * William Niskanen * Robert Nardelli * John Lipsky * Daniel Zelikow *Robert Hormats * Hans Reich * A. Ian Gillespie * Fumio Hoshi * William Daley * James Leach * Lawrence Summers




Inside the World's Export Credit Agencies


Book Description

This book provides a brief explanation of the government agencies programmes (i.e. type of export financing, eligibility, terms, fees, etc.) and specific contact information for next step action. In addition, there are a number of case studies that provide examples of how these government programs have successfully been used.




U.S. Trade and Investment Policy


Book Description

From American master Ward Just, returning to his trademark territory of "Forgetfulness "and "The Weather in Berlin," an evocative portrait of diplomacy and desire set against the backdrop of America's first lost war