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Foundations of Microprogramming

Author : Ashok K. Agrawala

Publisher : Academic Press

Page : 437 pages

File Size : 15,11 MB

Release : 2014-06-25

Category : Computers

ISBN : 1483215873

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Book Description

Foundations of Microprogramming: Architecture, Software, and Applications discusses the foundations and trends in microprogramming, focusing on the architectural, software, and application aspects of microprogramming. The book reviews microprocessors, microprogramming concepts, and characteristics, as well as the architectural features in microprogrammed computers. The text explains support software and the different hierarchies or levels of languages. These include assembler languages which are mnemonic or symbolic representation of machine commands; the procedure oriented machine-dependent; and the procedure oriented machine independent. A simulator is used to interpret programs written in machine or micro-language before the instructions in the program can be run. A simulator and translator (which change some steps from one program written in another language to another program) should interface with the design language of the computer for these components to operate even when a new machine is developed. The book cites four existing computers which have "simple" diagonal microinstructions such as the Hewlett-Packard HP21MX and the Microdata 3200. Horizontal types of microinstructions allow parallel execution of many micro-operations, such as the Cal Data family of computers, the Varian 73, and the NANODATA QM-1. Microprogramming is applied in emulation, program enhancement, operating systems, signal processing, and graphics. The text can benefit programmers, computer engineers, computer technicians, and computer instructors dealing with many aspects of computers such as programming, hardware interface, networking, engineering or design.



Logic Synthesis for Compositional Microprogram Control Units

Author : Alexander Barkalov

Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media

Page : 283 pages

File Size : 50,40 MB

Release : 2008-07-17

Category : Technology & Engineering

ISBN : 3540692851

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Book Description

One of the very important parts of any digital system is the control unit, coordin- ing interplay of other system blocks. As a rule, control units have irregular str- ture, which makes process of their logic circuits design very sophisticated. In case of complex logic controllers, the problem of system design is reduced practically to the design of control units. Actually, we observe a real technical boom connected with achievements in semiconductor technology. One of these is the development of integrated circuit known as the "systems-on-a-programmable- chip" (SoPC), where the number of elements approaches one billion. Because of the extreme complexity of microchips, it is very important to develop effective design methods oriented on particular properties of logical elements. Solution of this problem permits impr- ing functional capabilities of the target digital system inside single SoPC chip. As majority of researches point out, design methods used in case of industrial packages are, in case of complex digital system design, far from optimal. Similar problems concern the design of control units with standard ?eld-programmable logic devices (FPLD), such as PLA, PAL, GAL, CPLD, and FPGA. Let us point out that modern SoPC are based on CPLD or FPGA technology. Thus, the development of eff- tive design methods oriented on FPLD implementation of logic circuits used in the control units still remains the problem of great importance.



Encyclopedia of Microcomputers

Author : Allen Kent

Publisher : CRC Press

Page : 482 pages

File Size : 21,32 MB

Release : 2000-06-30

Category : Computers

ISBN : 9780824727239

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Book Description

This encyclopaedia covers An Algorithm for Abductive Inference in Artificial Intelligence to Web Financial Information System Server.



COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN

Author : P. PAL CHAUDHURI

Publisher : PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Page : 920 pages

File Size : 27,34 MB

Release : 2008-04-15

Category : Computers

ISBN : 9788120335110

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Book Description

The merging of computer and communication technologies with consumer electronics has opened up new vistas for a wide variety of designs of computing systems for diverse application areas. This revised and updated third edition on Computer Organization and Design strives to make the students keep pace with the changes, both in technology and pedagogy in the fast growing discipline of computer science and engineering. The basic principles of how the intended behaviour of complex functions can be realized with the interconnected network of digital blocks are explained in an easy-to-understand style. WHAT IS NEW TO THIS EDITION : Includes a new chapter on Computer Networking, Internet, and Wireless Networks. Introduces topics such as wireless input-output devices, RAID technology built around disk arrays, USB, SCSI, etc. Key Features Provides a large number of design problems and their solutions in each chapter. Presents state-of-the-art memory technology which includes EEPROM and Flash Memory apart from Main Storage, Cache, Virtual Memory, Associative Memory, Magnetic Bubble, and Charged Couple Device. Shows how the basic data types and data structures are supported in hardware. Besides students, practising engineers should find reading this design-oriented text both useful and rewarding.



Advances in Computers

Author :

Publisher : Academic Press

Page : 415 pages

File Size : 13,53 MB

Release : 1985-06-17

Category : Computers

ISBN : 0080566561

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Book Description

Advances in Computers



Logic Synthesis for VLSI-Based Combined Finite State Machines

Author : Alexander Barkalov

Publisher : Springer Nature

Page : 305 pages

File Size : 32,69 MB

Release : 2022-11-24

Category : Technology & Engineering

ISBN : 3031160274

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Book Description

The book is devoted to design and optimization of control units represented by combined finite state machines (CFSMs). The CFSMs combine features of both Mealy and Moore FSMs. Having states of Moore FSM, they produce output signals of both Mealy and Moore types. To optimize the circuits of CFSMs, we propose to use optimization methods targeting both Mealy and Moore FSMs. The book contains some original synthesis and optimization methods targeting hardware reduction in VLSI-based CFSM circuits. These methods take into account the peculiarities of both a CFSM model and a VLSI chip in use. The optimization is achieved due to combining classical optimization methods with new methods proposed in this book. These new methods are a mixed encoding of collections of microoperations and a twofold state assignment in CFSMs. All proposed methods target reducing the numbers of arguments in systems of Boolean functions representing CFSM circuits. Also, we propose to use classes of pseudoequivalent states of Moore FSMs to reduce the number of product terms in these systems.The book includes a lot of examples which contributes to a better understanding of the features of the synthesis methods under consideration. This is the first book entirely devoted to the problems associated with synthesis and optimization of VLSI-based CFSMs. We hope that the book will be interesting and useful for students and PhD students in the area of Computer Science, as well as for designers of various digital systems. We think that proposed CFSM models enlarge the class of models applied for implementation of control units with modern VLSI chips.



Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing

Author : David Padua

Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media

Page : 2211 pages

File Size : 49,58 MB

Release : 2014-07-08

Category : Computers

ISBN : 038709766X

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Book Description

Containing over 300 entries in an A-Z format, the Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing provides easy, intuitive access to relevant information for professionals and researchers seeking access to any aspect within the broad field of parallel computing. Topics for this comprehensive reference were selected, written, and peer-reviewed by an international pool of distinguished researchers in the field. The Encyclopedia is broad in scope, covering machine organization, programming languages, algorithms, and applications. Within each area, concepts, designs, and specific implementations are presented. The highly-structured essays in this work comprise synonyms, a definition and discussion of the topic, bibliographies, and links to related literature. Extensive cross-references to other entries within the Encyclopedia support efficient, user-friendly searchers for immediate access to useful information. Key concepts presented in the Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing include; laws and metrics; specific numerical and non-numerical algorithms; asynchronous algorithms; libraries of subroutines; benchmark suites; applications; sequential consistency and cache coherency; machine classes such as clusters, shared-memory multiprocessors, special-purpose machines and dataflow machines; specific machines such as Cray supercomputers, IBM’s cell processor and Intel’s multicore machines; race detection and auto parallelization; parallel programming languages, synchronization primitives, collective operations, message passing libraries, checkpointing, and operating systems. Topics covered: Speedup, Efficiency, Isoefficiency, Redundancy, Amdahls law, Computer Architecture Concepts, Parallel Machine Designs, Benmarks, Parallel Programming concepts & design, Algorithms, Parallel applications. This authoritative reference will be published in two formats: print and online. The online edition features hyperlinks to cross-references and to additional significant research. Related Subjects: supercomputing, high-performance computing, distributed computing



Logic Synthesis for FPGA-Based Control Units

Author : Alexander Barkalov

Publisher : Springer Nature

Page : 257 pages

File Size : 12,27 MB

Release : 2020-01-08

Category : Technology & Engineering

ISBN : 3030382958

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Book Description

This book focuses on control units, which are a vital part of modern digital systems, and responsible for the efficiency of controlled systems. The model of a finite state machine (FSM) is often used to represent the behavior of a control unit. As a rule, control units have irregular structures that make it impossible to design their logic circuits using the standard library cells. Design methods depend strongly on such factors as the FSM used, specific features of the logic elements implemented in the FSM logic circuit, and the characteristics of the control algorithm to be interpreted. This book discusses Moore and Mealy FSMs implemented with FPGA chips, including look-up table elements (LUT) and embedded memory blocks (EMB). It is crucial to minimize the number of LUTs and EMBs in an FSM logic circuit, as well as to make the interconnections between the logic elements more regular, and various methods of structural decompositions can be used to solve this problem. These methods are reduced to the presentation of an FSM circuit as a composition of different logic blocks, the majority of which implement systems of intermediate logic functions different (and much simpler) than input memory functions and FSM output functions. The structural decomposition results in multilevel FSM circuits having fewer logic elements than equivalent single-level circuits. The book describes well-known methods of structural decomposition and proposes new ones, examining their impact on the final amount of hardware in an FSM circuit. It is of interest to students and postgraduates in the area of Computer Science, as well as experts involved in designing digital systems with complex control units. The proposed models and design methods open new possibilities for creating logic circuits of control units with an optimal amount of hardware and regular interconnections.



Micro-programming

Author : Norman E. Sondak

Publisher :

Page : 406 pages

File Size : 10,49 MB

Release : 1977

Category : Computers

ISBN :

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Logic Synthesis for FPGA-Based Finite State Machines

Author : Alexander Barkalov

Publisher : Springer

Page : 287 pages

File Size : 34,77 MB

Release : 2015-10-15

Category : Technology & Engineering

ISBN : 3319242024

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Book Description

This book discusses control units represented by the model of a finite state machine (FSM). It contains various original methods and takes into account the peculiarities of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) chips and a FSM model. It shows that one of the peculiarities of FPGA chips is the existence of embedded memory blocks (EMB). The book is devoted to the solution of problems of logic synthesis and reduction of hardware amount in control units. The book will be interesting and useful for researchers and PhD students in the area of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, as well as for designers of modern digital systems.