Book Description

This manual is intended to serve as a guide to farmers and processors of fruits and vegetables in rural areas. It contains basic but valuable information on post-harvest handling and marketing operations and storage of fresh and processed products. It provides practical examples of preserving fruits and vegetables addressing a combination of factors, highlighting technology which, when combined, has a positive and synergistic effect in preventing biochemical and physico-chemical reactions and microbial growth the main causes of quality losses in fruits and vegetables. The suggested methodologies combine technologies such as mild heat treatment, water activity reduction (aw), lowering of the pH and use of anti-microbial substances to realize the potential of minimally processed, high-moisture fruit products. These relatively new technologies have been successfully applied to several important tropical and non-tropical fruits in different countries of Latin America and are considered appropriate and recommended for use in other fruit-producing countries around the world. Contents Chapter 1: Fruits and Vegetables: An Overview on Socio-Economical and Technical Issues; Trade and global trends: Fruits and vegetables, Traditional consumption, Economic and social impact, Commercial constraints, Post-harvest losses and resource under-utilizaion in developing countries, Food losses after harvesting, Food losses due to social and economic issues, Pre-processing to add value, Pre-processing to avoid losses, Alternative processing methods for fruits and vegetables in rural areas, Scalding or blanching in hot water, Cooling in trays, Sulphiting, Sun drying and osmotic dehydration, Fermentation, Storage, Sample calculation for adjusting fruit soluble solids and acid contents; Chapter 2: Basic Harvest and Post-Harvest Handling Considerations for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables; Harvest handling, Maturity index for fruits and vegetables, Harvesting containers, Tools for harvesting, Packing in the field and transport to packinghouse, Post-harvest handling, Curing of roots, tubers, and bulb crops, Operations prior to packaging, Packaging, Cooling methods and temperatures, Storage, Pest control and decay; Chapter 3: General Considerations for Preservations of Fruits and Vegetables; Water Activity (aw) concept and its role in food preservation, aw concept, Microorganisms vs, aw values, Enzymatic and chemical changes related to aw values, Recommended euipment for measuring aw Intermediate Moisture Food (IMF) concept, Fruits preserved under IMF concept, Advantages and disadvantages of IMF preservation, Combined methods for preservation of fruits and vegetables: a preservation concept, Why combined methods?; General description of combined methods for fruits and vegetables, Recommended substances to reduce aw in fruits, Recommended substances to reduce pH, Recommended chemicals to prevent browning, Recommended additives to inhibit microorganisms, Recommended thermal treatment for food preservation; Chapter 4: Extension Of The Intermediate Moisture Concept to High Moisture Products; Preliminary operations, Desired aw and syrup formulation, Calculus required, Water contents vs aw relationship, Example of application, Packaging methods for minimally processed products, Packaging with small units, Transporting the package, Loading packaging units, Vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging, Transport, storage and use of fruits preserved by combined methods, Open vs refrigerated vehicles, Unloading, Storage temperature vs shelf life, Repackaging considerations, Syrup reconstitution and utilization, Optimal utilization of final products, Quality control, Recommended microbiological tests, Nutritional changes, Changes in sensory attributes and acceptability; Chapter 5: Procedures for Vegetables Preserved By Combined Methods; Preliminary operations, Combined optional treatments, Irradiation, Refrigeration, Modified atmosphere, Pickling, Fermentation, Packaging methods, Plastic containers and bags, Vacuum packaging; Modified atmosphere packaging, Transport, storage and use of vegetables preserved by combined methods, Open vs refrigerated vehicles, Unloading, Storage temperature vs shelf life, Repackaging considerations, Optimal utilization of the final products, Quality control, Recommended microbiological tests, Nutritional changes, Changes in sensory attributes and acceptability.