WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality


Book Description

This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazardousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmental exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards.




Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials


Book Description

Naturally occurring radionuclides are found throughout the earth's crust, and they form part of the natural background of radiation to which all humans are exposed. Many human activities-such as mining and milling of ores, extraction of petroleum products, use of groundwater for domestic purposes, and living in houses-alter the natural background of radiation either by moving naturally occurring radionuclides from inaccessible locations to locations where humans are present or by concentrating the radionuclides in the exposure environment. Such alterations of the natural environment can increase, sometimes substantially, radiation exposures of the public. Exposures of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that result from human activities that alter the natural environment can be subjected to regulatory control, at least to some degree. The regulation of public exposures to such technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory and advisory organizations is the subject of this study by the National Research Council's Committee on the Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials.




WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon


Book Description

This handbook focuses on residential radon exposure from a public health point of view and provides detailed recommendations on reducing health risks from radon and sound policy options for preventing and mitigating radon exposure. The material in the handbook reflects the epidemiological evidence that indoor radon exposure is responsible for a substantial number of lung cancers in the general population. Information is provided on the selection of devices to measure radon levels and on procedures for the reliable measurement of these levels. Discussed also are control options for radon in new dwellings, radon reduction in existing dwellings as well as assessment of the costs and benefits of different radon prevention and remedial actions. Also covered are radon risk communication strategies and organization of national radon programs.--Publisher's description.







High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas


Book Description

Ever more attention has been focused on naturally occurring radiation, thanks to the shift of public concern and scientific interest from high to low-level radiation in recent years. There are many places in the world that are known to have high levels of terrestrial background gamma radiation as well as highly concentrated radon and their decay products in the air, soil and drinking water. Various scientific investigations have been conducted in those areas to collect information on radiation doses and their health effects, contributing greatly to advancing our knowledge. In recent years, technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM) has also attracted attention. The 6th International Conference on High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas was held in Osaka, Japan from September 6-10, 2004, for the purpose of exchanging information and experience regarding investigations in this field. These proceedings contain more than 100 papers presented at the meeting, which aimed to discuss the following major topics: 1) risk assessment, radiation protection, environmental transfer pathways and ecological impacts related to natural radiation and TENORM; 2) dosimetry of natural-radiation, including radon, thoron, and cosmic rays, and its technological aspects, e.g., individual dosimetry and retrospective measurements; and 3) in vitro and in vivo biological studies of low-level radiation, including molecular mechanisms. Risk assessment, radiation protection, environmental transfer pathways and ecological impacts Dosimetry of natural-radiation, including radon, thoron, and cosmic rays, and its technological aspects, e.g., individual dosimetry and retrospective measurements In vitro and in vivo biological studies of low-level radiation, including molecular mechanisms




Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters


Book Description

This book describes hazards from radon progeny and other alpha-emitters that humans may inhale or ingest from their environment. In their analysis, the authors summarize in one document clinical and epidemiological evidence, the results of animal studies, research on alpha-particle damage at the cellular level, metabolic pathways for internal alpha-emitters, dosimetry and microdosimetry of radionuclides deposited in specific tissues, and the chemical toxicity of some low-specific-activity alpha-emitters. Techniques for estimating the risks to humans posed by radon and other internally deposited alpha-emitters are offered, along with a discussion of formulas, models, methods, and the level of uncertainty inherent in the risk estimates.










Radon in Ground Water


Book Description

This new book focuses on sampling and analysis, radon and radium in water supply wells, predictive models, geologic and hydrogeologic controls that influence radon occurrence, monitoring radon and other radioactivity from geologic sources and mining impacts on occurrence of radioactivity in ground water. Also discussed are occurrence, testing, treatment, and reduction of radon from groundwater. Because the most severe health hazard from indoor radioactivity results from inhalation of short-lived radioactive decay products of radon, the EPA scheduled a major conference early in 1987 on Radon, Radium, and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water-Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne Contamination. The result is this book.




Radon Measurements By Etched Track Detectors - Applications In Radiation Protection, Earth Sciences


Book Description

Exposure to radon gas, which is present in the environment naturally, constitutes over half the radiation dose received by the general public annually. At present, the most widely used method of measuring radon concentration levels throughout the world, both in dwellings and in the field, is by etched track detectors — also known as Solid State Nuclear Detectors (SSNTDs). Although this is not only the most widely used method but is also the simplest and the cheapest, yet there is at present no book available on the market globally, devoted exclusively or largely to the methodology of, and dealing with the results obtained by, the SSNTD technique. The present book fills this important gap in the coverage of radon measurements. Individual chapters of the book are contributed by some of the most prominent and active research workers in the world in the SSNTD discipline as well as in the field of radon measurements. A detailed breakdown of the contents of the book is shown below together with the name(s) of the author(s) of each chapter.