Investigating the Efficacy of Support Programs for Eighth Grade Algebra I Students in the San Dieguito Union High School District


Book Description

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different eighth-grade algebra support programs. Algebra Topics is a year-long elective math course in which students enroll in addition to their eighth grade algebra course. The Algebra Academy is a second semester support program, serving recommended students with low first semester Algebra 1 grades. We hypothesized that both the Algebra Topics course and Algebra Academy would improve the performance of eighth grade students simultaneously enrolled in Algebra I. The effect of the Algebra Topics course on the 20 students enrolled was assessed by reviewing their first semester grades and SAT -9 scores. These scores were compared to the grades and test scores of 21 students who did not enroll in Algebra Topics. The second semester grades and SAT -9 scores of the 9 students enrolled in the Algebra Academy were also compared to the grades and test scores of the 9 students not enrolled. Both teachers administrating the two support programs were also interviewed. The findings suggest that students enrolled in the Algebra Topics performed better on semester grades and SAT -9 tests than students not enrolled. The data revealed that students enrolled in Algebra Academy had lower semester grades and comparable SAT -9 scores. Although both programs offered a "double dose" of Algebra, the two programs differed in accountability, time, structure, and student perception. Recommendations for eighth grade algebra support programs are included.







The Algebra Solution to Mathematics Reform


Book Description

How can we increase mathematics achievement among all students? This book provides a straightforward explanation of how changing mathematics tracking policies to provide algebra instruction to all students by at least eighth grade can bring about changes in both student achievement and teacher performance. Spielhagen chronicles the success of a large school district that changed the way mathematics was delivered and increased success rates across all populations. Featuring interviews with students and teachers, the author shows how all stakeholders were brought into the process of changing policy from the ground up. Offering a model for success that can be replicated by other districts, this resource: Provides a comprehensive account of how mathematics policy that evolved in the United States over the last century has resulted in low math literacy among our population.Addresses the recommendations and counterpoints to the report of the National Mathematics Panel (2009).Includes real-life examples of how stakeholders responded to the policy change that revolutionized mathematics instruction in their district. Frances R. Spielhagen is associate professor of education and director of the Center for Adolescent Research and Development at Mount Saint Mary College, Newburgh, New York. “Offers an ‘elegant solution’ to a compelling problem in American society that has global implications: Who should study algebra and when? The best-practices approach should be required reading for pre-service and in-service educators and administrators alike. Readers will recognize that preparing students to learn algebra by 8th grade is as much a right as learning to read. It is a right upon which our future depends.” —Susan G. Assouline, Professor of School Psychology, Associate Director, The Connie Belin & Jacqueline N. Blank International Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development, The University of Iowa “Frances Spielhagen’s book offers a thoughtful and detailed response to one of the most important questions of our time—should all students take algebra in 8th grade? With impressive and thorough research, the author considers issues of teaching and learning, as well as curriculum and policy. For all those who care about the mathematical future of our nation’s children, this book is a must read.” —Jo Boaler, Professor of Mathematics Education, Stanford University, The School of Education “In The Algebra Solution to Mathematics Reform, Frances R. Spielhagen shows vividly and precisely how a public school system teaches children to master mathematics skills early—culminating in 8th grade algebra, a critical subject for high school graduation and college admission. Spielhagen’s book precisely demonstrates how to improve real sequential learning for students from the early grades to high school graduation, and successfully into college and life. Thus, this vital book has implications for instruction in all academic subjects, providing a living model for continuity and improvement of student learning.” —Bruce S. Cooper, Professor, Graduate School of Education, Fordham University




Predicting Middle-achieving Students' Achievement in Eighth-grade Algebra 1


Book Description

Eighth-grade students who are placed into Algebra 1 but fail end-of-course exams may experience lowered grade point averages (GPAs) and loss of motivation for math or avoid taking advanced mathematics courses in high school. Middle-achieving students present challenges in terms of mathematics placement. Self-efficacy theory and locus of control theory suggest the noncognitive traits mathematics self-efficacy (MSE) and academic locus of control (ALOC) are associated with mathematics achievement and could predict achievement in eighth-grade algebra. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine whether MSE, ALOC, and prior-year State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) mathematics score predict achievement in eighth-grade algebra among middle-achieving students in South Texas more accurately than prior-year STAAR mathematics scores alone. The sample included 111 eighth-grade algebra students in a large suburban school district in South Texas, whose scores on the previous year's STAAR mathematics exam fell between the 25th and 75th percentiles. MSE predicted meeting grade-level standards (R 2 = .229), performance category (R 2 = .327), and percent score on the NEISD Algebra 1 Benchmark exam (R 2 = .317). ALOC was not associated with achievement on the NEISD Algebra 1 Benchmark exam. These results suggest that predictions of achievement in eighth-grade algebra for middle-achieving students were improved with the addition of measures of MSE, but not ALOC. Suggestions for future research include developing a mathematics locus of control instrument and broader studies exploring the relationship between MSE and achievement in eighth-grade Algebra 1.




The Impact of Universally Accelerating Eighth Grade Mathematics Students in Heterogeneously Grouped Classrooms


Book Description

Traditionally, students are scheduled to take Algebra I in their first year of high school mathematics in New York State. However, in many schools, the "top" students in a cohort have access to this course in eighth grade, tracking these high-achieving students ahead of their lower-achieving peers. In response, some schools have adopted the policy of "Algebra for all" in eighth grade0́3called universal acceleration. A perceived benefit to the policy of universal acceleration is ensuring equal access to a challenging curriculum for all students, regardless of race, socioeconomic status, or prior achievement- mitigating one of the perceived limitations of ability tracking. A drawback of an "acceleration for all" policy is that weaker students may not be developmentally ready to take Algebra in 8th grade, while at the same time, stronger students' progress might be hindered. The purpose of this descriptive, quantitative study is to investigate how the implementation of acceleration for all has impacted the timing of when students take the Integrated Algebra Regents in one school district, the district's achievement on the Integrated Algebra Regents and whether the policy affects subgroups of students differentially. The results from the study will be significant to school leaders, as districts may wish to consider these policy changes to enhance learning opportunities for all students.




Culturally Relevant Mathematics for High Poverty 8th Graders


Book Description

This study sought to bring awareness and potential suggestions to the problem of low mathematics achievement for students living in poverty and the potential that equity pedagogies may offer for these students. Tenets of Culturally Relevant Mathematics Pedagogy (CRMP) in both curriculum and instructional practices were investigated in an eighth grade mathematics classroom in a high poverty majority-minority school. This was done by examining the teaching of three CRMP tasks related to algebraic functions over four months' time. This mixed methods action research utilized case studies of students, including a student with an identified learning disability and Latina/o English language learners. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used, which included, mathematics self-efficacy surveys, student interviews, a CRMP lesson analysis tool, CRMP task artifact analyses, a teacher reflection journal, and both teacher and student observations with observation scales. Data was analyzed to determine influences on both students' mathematics achievement and their mathematics self-efficacy beliefs. Findings indicated that real world CRMP tasks taught within cooperative learning structures did influence both students' achievement and self-efficacy in mathematics. These teacher-created tasks had high cognitive and language demands, utilized multiple representations, and afforded students opportunities to experience productive struggle . Students grew in their understanding of algebraic functions and their beliefs in themselves as doers of mathematics through teacher scaffolding, questioning, praise, and frequent feedback. It was also seen that status differences minimized through the use of group norms and becoming an expert on their topic. Students' mathematics self-efficacy was positively influenced by lessening their physiological state through strong teacher-student and peer relationships, as well as multiple opportunities to observe the modeling of others through vicarious experiences. All students with identified learning disabilities grew in both mathematics achievement and self-efficacy. Mixed results were seen in ELL and exited ELL students. Recommendations are made for supporting students with special academic and language needs. Implications for developing more equitable secondary mathematics experiences for students living in poverty are discussed for teachers, administrators, curriculum developers, professional development designers, and policy makers.




Course Placement Influences on Student Motivation


Book Description

A national initiative encourages STEM careers to prepare students to succeed in an increasingly competitive economy (National Research Council, 2011). The STEM pipeline is dependent on students' mathematics course-taking trajectories, which are determined once a student enrolls in his/her first Algebra course. Despite efforts to increase access to advanced math courses, there is a national decline in participation in these courses over the last two decades (Watt, Shapka, Morris, Durik, Keating, & Eccles, 2012). During the later high school years many students opt out of math-related disciplines (Meece, 2006). Student motivation predicts choice to "pursue" mathematics (Martin, Anderson, Bobis, Way, & Vellar, 2012), thus attending to student motivation is a necessary precursor to increasing the numbers of students choosing to pursue advanced mathematics learning. This case study uses the increasing eighth grade Algebra enrollment trends in an urban Californian school district to investigate motivational changes found between students selected into eighth grade Algebra with peers enrolled in other math courses referenced as General Mathematics. Using two waves of motivation survey data, we estimate motivational changes for eighth grade students beginning in the fall and ending in the spring. This research focuses on two questions: (1) How do achievement goals, expectancy, and task value change for eighth grade Algebra students compared with peers enrolled in General Mathematics courses? and (2) Do these motivational changes vary by mathematics achievement prior to Algebra course placement? Findings indicated that all students placed in Algebra, on average, experienced increases in maladaptive performance-avoid goals as compared with peers placed in General Mathematics. Average and low performing students placed in Algebra experienced decreases in performance-approach goals as compared with peers placed in General Mathematics. Furthermore, all students placed in Algebra experienced declines in both academic self-efficacy and task value as compared with peers placed in General Mathematics. Average and low achieving students experienced greater declines in self-efficacy and task value than high achieving peers in Algebra. Appended are: (1) Tables and figures; (2) Achievement Goal Scale Items; and (3) Expectancy Value Scale Items.




Effects of Math Intervention Curriculum by a Computer Based Program by Eighth Grade Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities


Book Description

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of implementing a math intervention curriculum supported by a computer based program for 81h grade students with learning disabilities. All students were significantly below grade level in math and received instruction in a Special Day Class. Students spent 12 weeks utilizing both the piloted math intervention curriculum supported by the computer based programs prior to state testing. A student survey was shared on how students felt using both programs and if they felt it had improved their math skills. Results of the program were compared to the pretest and post test results collected by the computer based program. Using a state adopted structured math intervention resulted in better retention of skills as well as more engagement in activities. Key Words: Math intervention, special education, middle school, learning disabilities.




The Effects of the Elevate Math Summer Program on Math Achievement and Algebra Readiness


Book Description

To raise math success rates in middle school, many schools and districts have implemented summer math programs designed to improve student preparation for algebra content in grade 8. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these programs. While students who participate typically experience learning gains, there is little rigorous evidence evaluating the effects of the programs on math achievement or readiness for algebra content. This study fills that void by rigorously examining the effects of one such summer program (the Elevate summer math program) on student achievement. In summer 2014, the Silicon Valley Education Foundation (SVEF), the research team, and several Silicon Valley school districts collaborated on a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of the Elevate Math summer program on math achievement, algebra readiness, and attitudes toward math. The study focused on three primary questions: (1) What is the impact of the Elevate Math summer program on the math achievement and algebra readiness of rising grade 8 students?; (2) What is the impact of the Elevate Math summer program on math achievement in the math topic areas most closely aligned with the program's curriculum?; and (3) What is the impact of the Elevate Math summer program on the math interest and math self-efficacy of rising grade 8 students? The randomized controlled trial was conducted in summer 2014 at eight schools in six districts in California's Silicon Valley. Participating districts identified eligible students based on existing grade 6 California Standards Test (CST) data. The districts' enrollments range from 2,487 to 13,162, with an average of 9,426. The percentage of English learner students in each district ranges from 19% to 53%, with an average of 38%. Students were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received access to the program at the beginning of the summer or to a control group that received access to the program later in the summer. Math achievement was measured using the Mathematics Diagnostic Testing Project (MDTP) Algebra Readiness test, which was administered to the treatment and control groups on the first and last days of their participation in the summer program. The Elevate Math summer program significantly improved math achievement and algebra readiness among participating grade 7 students. The program improved the math achievement of the treatment group compared with the control group across several metrics. The Elevate Math summer program also had a positive, statistically significant effect on algebra readiness. Despite the Elevate Math summer program's effects, students' math achievement at the end of the program suggested that many students were still not ready for the algebra content in grade 8 math courses. There were no significant impacts on math interest or math self-efficacy. The estimated level of interest in math for the treatment group was higher than that of the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. [The Silicon Valley Education Foundation and several Silicon Valley school districts collaborated on this study. For the Regional Educational Laboratory West report, "The Effects of the Elevate Math Summer Program on Math Achievement and Algebra Readiness. REL 2015-096" (2015), see ED558157.].




The Effects of the Elevate Math Summer Program on Math Achievement and Algebra Readiness. REL 2015-096


Book Description

The Effects of the Elevate Math summer program on math achievement and algebra readiness: This randomized trial examined the effects of the Elevate Math summer program on math achievement and algebra readiness, as well as math interest and self-efficacy, among rising 8th grade students in California's Silicon Valley. The Elevate Math summer math program targets students who score in the range between "high basic" and "low proficient" on state math tests. It consists of 19 days of mathematics instruction, consisting of three hours per day in traditional classroom instruction and one hour per day using Khan Academy (a free online learning system). During summer 2014, students were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received access to the program at the beginning of the summer or to a control group that received access to the program later in the summer. End-of-program test scores and survey responses of students in the treatment group were compared with those of students in the control group prior to their exposure to the program. Treatment group students scored significantly higher than the control group (4 points or 0.7 standard deviation) on a test of algebra readiness. They were also significantly more likely (29 percent versus 12 percent) to reach achievement thresholds associated with success in algebra I. However, treatment and control groups did not show significant differences in terms of math interest or self-efficacy. The results show that the Elevate Math summer program can significantly improve student math achievement and algebra readiness; however, 70 percent of program participants were still not ready for algebra I content. This suggests that summer math programs such as Elevate Math's may be important tools for improving math achievement among rising eighth grade students, but most targeted students will need additional support in order to ensure success in algebra. The following are appended: (1) Data, outcomes, and methodology; and (2) Sensitivity analyses.