Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class


Book Description

Tras décadas de estancamiento, la población de clase media en América Latina y el Caribe ha aumentado en un 50%—de aproximadamente 100 millones de personas en 2003 a 150 millones (o un 30% de la población del continente) en 2009. Durante este periodo, el porcentaje de la población pobre disminuyó notablemente, del 44% al 30%. _La movilidad económica y el crecimiento de la clase media en América Latina_ analiza la naturaleza, los determinantes y las posibles consecuencias de este notable proceso de transformación social. Los autores proponen una original definición de la clase media, hecha a la medida de América Latina y centrada en el concepto de seguridad económica. Según esta definición, el grupo social más grande de la región actualmente no son ni los pobres ni la clase media, sino un estrato de personas vulnerables situadas entre el umbral de la pobreza y los requisitos mínimos para disfrutar de un modo de vida más seguro, propio de la clase media. El auge de la clase media refleja los cambios recientes en la movilidad económica. La movilidad intergeneracional—un concepto contrario a la desigualdad de oportunidades—ha mejorado ligeramente pero sigue siendo muy limitada. Tanto el nivel educativo como los logros educativos siguen siendo sumamente dependientes del nivel de escolarización de los padres. Sin embargo, se ha producido un aumento real de la movilidad de los ingresos. En los últimos 15 años, al menos el 43% de los habitantes de América Latina ha cambiado de clase social, en la mayoría de los casos en un sentido ascendente. Los autores sostienen que hay numerosos beneficios potenciales en el auge de esta clase media, si bien advierten que la materialización de esos beneficios depende en gran medida de que los países consigan anclar la clase media en torno a un nuevo contrato social, más cohesivo, que ponga de relieve la necesidad de incluir a todos aquellos que han quedado rezagados. _La movilidad económica y el crecimiento de la clase media en América Latina_ despertará un gran interés entre los responsables de las políticas en América Latina y en otras regiones, entre los funcionarios de las instituciones multilaterales y entre estudiantes y docentes de economía, políticas públicas y ciencias sociales.




Contemporary Middle Class in Latin America


Book Description

In the last decades, the Latin American middle class is growing in size while becoming more heterogeneous. Sustained economic growth explains its increasing size, but behind its heterogeneity there is not only the diversification of lifestyles, but also the crystallization of a large process of upward social mobility of second and third generation migrants to capital cities and their incorporation into middle-class positions. In the last decades, these individuals are now part of the different spheres of socialization formerly occupied by the traditional middle class: private schools, college and universities, middle-class jobs and occupations, and traditional middle-class neighborhoods. To explore the genesis of this phenomenon and its consequences, the author studies Residential San Felipe, a quintessential traditional middle-class neighborhood in Lima, Peru, which is currently receiving an important influx of upwardly mobile families. The case of San Felipe shows that inside the contemporary middle class a strong boundary between the “traditional middle class” and the “new middle class” permeates the everyday life of the neighborhood. However, though this difference between the “traditional” and “new middle class” is recognized by all residents of San Felipe, its relevance as well as the elements at the basis of this distinction varies.




Latin America's Middle Class


Book Description

As middle classes in developing countries grow in size and political power, do they foster stable democracies and prosperous, innovative economies? Or do they encourage crass materialism, bureaucratic corruption, unrealistic social demands, and ideological polarization? These questions have taken on a new urgency in recent years but they are not new, having first appeared in the mid twentieth century in debates about Latin America. At a moment when exploding middle classes in the global South increasingly capture the world's attention, these Latin American classics are ripe for revisiting. Part One of the book introduces key debates from the 1950s and 1960s, when Cold War era scholars questioned whether or not the middle class would be a force for democracy and development, to safeguard Latin America against the perceived challenge of Revolutionary Cuba. While historian John J. Johnson placed tentative faith in the positive transformative power of the "middle sectors," others were skeptical. The striking disagreements that emerge from these texts lend themselves to discussion about the definition, character, and complexity of the middle classes, and about the assumptions that underpinned twentieth-century modernization theory. Part Two brings together more recent case studies from Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina, written by scholars influenced by contemporary trends in social and cultural history. These authors highlight issues of language, identity, gender, and the multiple faces and forms of power. Their studies bring flesh-and-blood Latin Americans to the forefront, reconstructing the daily lives of underpaid office workers, harried housewives and striving professionals, in order to revisit questions that the authors in Part One tended to approach abstractly. They also pay attention to changing cultural understandings and political constructions of who "the middle class" is and what it means to be middle class. Designed with the classroom and non-specialist reader in mind, the book has a comprehensive critical introduction, and each selection is preceded by a short description setting the context and introducing key themes.







Latin America's Emerging Middle Classes


Book Description

Politicians, business leaders and citizens look with hope to the Latin American middle class for political stability and purchasing power, but the economic position of the middle class remains vulnerable. The contributors document the remarkable emergence of this middle group in Latin America, whose measurement turns out not to be an easy task.




A Note on the Middle Class in Latin America


Book Description

This paper sets out basic information on the middle class in eight Latin American countries over the last two decades. The middle class is identified as people living in households with income per capita between $10 and $50 per day, adjusted for purchasing power parity. This income-based definition is conceptually and empirically grounded in the analysis of household surveys and is used to provide a region-wide profile of households that are neither vulnerable to falling into back into poverty nor rich by their national standards. In the countries studied, the population share of the middle class increased from 20 to 30 percent and its income share increased from 40 to nearly 50 percent (from about 1990 to 2010). Adults in the typical middle-class household in Latin America have at least some secondary education, and all children in those households go to school -- many to private school. Adults are likely to be employees in urban, formal jobs, and less likely than their richer counterparts to hold jobs in the public sector. Though rich in relative terms (mostly in the top quintile of their national income distributions), they are closer in median income to the majority of households that are poorer than to the small minority that are richer. To close on an optimistic note, the profiles tell a story of an increasingly educated, middle-class region, in which a growing proportion of the population is relatively secure in the escape from poverty, while probably more reliant than the rich on the rule of law and stable and effective government. In the long run, that suggests that the middle class is likely to support market-friendly, poverty-reducing social and economic reforms.




Generation Unbound


Book Description

Over half of all births to young adults in the United States now occur outside of marriage, and many are unplanned. The result is increased poverty and inequality for children. The left argues for more social support for unmarried parents; the right argues for a return to traditional marriage. In Generation Unbound, Isabel V. Sawhill offers a third approach: change "drifters" into "planners." In a well-written and accessible survey of the impact of family structure on child well-being, Sawhill contrasts "planners," who are delaying parenthood until after they marry, with "drifters," who are having unplanned children early and outside of marriage. These two distinct patterns are contributing to an emerging class divide and threatening social mobility in the United States. Sawhill draws on insights from the new field of behavioral economics, showing that it is possible, by changing the default, to move from a culture that accepts a high number of unplanned pregnancies to a culture in which adults only have children when they are ready to be a parent.




Idea of the Middle Class


Book Description

Examines the origins, lifestyles, and influence of the middle class in Peru during the first half of the 20th century. In their pursuit of protective legislation, higher pay, and better working conditions, white-collar workers, or empleados, recast long-standing cultural notions of rank and respectability. Their ideas inspired a series of legal reforms reinforcing the distinction between manual and nonmanual workers that became a permanent feature of Peruvian labor law and practice. Paper edition (unseen), $19.95. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR




The Middle Classes in Latin America


Book Description

As a collective effort, this volume locates the formation of the middle classes at the core of the histories of Latin America in the last two centuries. Featuring scholars from different places across the Americas, it is an interdisciplinary contribution to the world histories of the middle classes, histories of Latin America, and intersectional studies. It also engages a larger audience about the importance of the middle classes to understand modernity, democracy, neoliberalism, and decoloniality. By including research produced from a variety of Latin American, North American, and other audiences, the volume incorporates trends in social history, cultural studies and discursive theory. It situates analytical categories of race and gender at the core of class formation. This volume seeks to initiate a critical and global conversation concerning the ways in which the analysis of the middle classes provides crucial re-readings of how Latin America, as a region, has historically been understood.




Latin American Economic Outlook 2011 How Middle-Class Is Latin America?


Book Description

This year's Latin American Economic Outlook includes a macroeconomic overview of the ongoing economic recovery from the global financial crisis as well as an in-depth report on the middle class in Latin America.