United States Code


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Children and the Law


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This casebook emphasizes doctrine, policy, and practice. It presents three central themes: the interrelated rights and obligations of children, parents, and government; ways the legal system assesses and uses children's competence to shape regulation; and the role of the child's lawyer. Volume covers several relevant international law issues, including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, international child labor, and U.S. tobacco exports to children overseas. The authors have devoted entire chapters to the representation of children, the meaning of "parent," abuse and neglect, the foster care system, adoption, medical decision-making, support and other financial responsibilities, protective legislation, and delinquency.




Children First


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Crimes against Children


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In the first half of the twentieth century, Americans' intense concern with sex crimes against children led to a wave of public discussion, legislative action, and criminal prosecution. Stephen Robertson provides the first large-scale, long-term study of how American criminal courts dealt with the prosecution of sexual violence against children. Robertson describes how the nineteenth-century approach to childhood as a single phase of innocence began to shift at the end of the century to include several stages of childhood development, prompting reformers to create legal categories such as statutory rape and carnal abuse to protect children. However, while ordinary New Yorkers' involvement in the prosecution of those offenses reshaped their understandings of who was a child and produced a new concern to establish the age of their sexual partners, their beliefs in childhood innocence and in a concept of sexuality centered on sexual intercourse remained unchanged. As a result, families' use of the law and jurors' decisions ultimately diminished the protection the new laws offered to children. Robertson's study, based on the previously unexamined files of the New York County district attorney's office, reveals the importance of child sexuality and sex crimes in twentieth-century American culture.










Crime against Children


Book Description

Table of Contents Preface ix Introduction 1 General Aspects • A Horror Untold • Laws on Child Sexual Abuse in India • Sexual Abuse • Power Harassment • Rankism • Child-on-child Sexual Abuse • Child Neglect Child Labour 21 The Backdrop • Child Labour Areas • International Programme on Child Labour • Child Labour Amendment • Child Labour in India • Child Labour in the Diamond Industry • Reports • Initiatives against Child Labour • Child Slavery Child Trafficking 45 The Prevalence • Child-Sex-Tourism • Background • Global Response • New Phenomenon in Goa • Inflow of Tourists Child Prostitution 59 Definitions • Terminology • Causes and Contexts • Prohibition • Extent • Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children • Forms of Sexual Exploitation • Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act • Child Sexuality Child Pornography 79 Terminology • Relation to Child Molestation and Abuse • Typology • Organised Crimes • Relationship with Sexual Abuse • Copine Scale Child Marriage 99 Child Marriage by Religion • Child Marriage by Region and Country School Violence 109 International Character • Risk Factors • Corporal Punishment • Rituals and Punishment • Paraphilia and Fetishism Exploitation of Children by Military 127 War Crimes • International Laws • International Humanitarian Law • International Labour Law Juvenile Delinquency 149 Juvenile Sex Crimes • Risk Factors • Societal Consequences Street Children 161 Definitions • Numbers and Distribution • Countrywise Position • Stolen Generations • Child Removal Policy • Policy in Practice • Child Abandonment Society and Children 191 Child Support • Legal Theory • Child Support Industry Children’s Rights 207 Definitions • Types of Rights • International Law • Convention on the Rights of the Child • Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action • Enforcement • Convention on the Rights of the Child • Children’s Rights Movement Social Laws and Children 219 Best Interests of the Child • Child Benefits • Child Imprisonment Legal Protection 231 Legal Provisions • Patronage by Courts Case Studies 269 Nithari Serial Murders • School Shooting • Kelsey Smith-Briggs • Beslan School Hostage Crisis • Other Incidents and Controversies • Holy Cross Dispute Bibliography 341 Index 349