Leistungsbeurteilung in der Schule - Ist Objektivität ausgeschlossen?


Book Description

Examensarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich Pädagogik - Bewertungsmethoden, Noten, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Der Begriff Leistung ist uns im Alltag gegenwärtig. Doch was genau ist Leistung, wie und vor allem wie genau kann man sie messen? Spiegeln Zensuren wirklich immer die Leistung des Schülers wider, oder unterlaufen auch Lehrern bei ihren Beurteilungen im Schulalltag Fehler? Im Schulsystem begegnet man immer häufiger dem Begriff Leistungsschule. Doch ist dieser Ausdruck in Zusammenhang mit pädagogischen Zielen überhaupt in Einklang zu bringen? Furck (1975) meinte, dass 'Leistung' kein pädagogischer Begriff im eigentlichen Sinne ist, weil er nicht von der Person des Heranwachsenden, sondern von den Forderungen des Staates, der Gesellschaft, der Kultur usf. bestimmt wird.1 Hauptsächlich sollten nicht die Forderungen der Gesellschaft, sondern die Fördermöglichkeiten eines Jeden im Vordergrund stehen. Die Beurteilung der Leistung in Form von Zensuren ist aus dem heutigen Schulalltag kaum noch wegzudenken. Gerade deshalb ist es wichtig zu erforschen, ob sie gerechtfertigt sind. Die diagnostische Kompetenz der Lehrer spiegelt sich nicht nur in der Qualität der Notengebung wider, sie schlägt sich auch im objektiven Schulerfolg nieder. Nicht selten bestimmen die Noten unseren zukünftigen Lebensweg. Sie beeinflussen unser Leben enorm, indem sie darüber entscheiden, auf welche Schule wir empfohlen werden und ob wir später studieren werden - ja sogar welchen Beruf wir ergreifen werden. Da so viele Entscheidungen unseres Lebens mit der Leistungsbeurteilung in der Schule zusammenhängen, sollte eine Objektivität bei der Bewertung gewährleistet werden. Dass dieses zu hundert Prozent kaum möglich ist, kann man sich denken, jedoch sollte man darauf achten, dass das Urteil weitestgehend frei von sachfremden und subjektiven Einflüssen ist. Auch spätere pädagogische Maßnahmen sind von der Leistungsbeurteilung abhängig, weshalb eine sorgfältige




Leistungsbewertung durch Zensuren in der Schule - ist Objektivität ausgeschlossen?


Book Description

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2004 im Fachbereich Pädagogik - Schulpädagogik, Note: 2,0, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (Institut für Erziehungswissenschaften), Veranstaltung: Theorie der Schule, 11 Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die erste staatliche Institution mit der wir zu Beginn unseres Lebens für eine lange Zeit in Kontakt kommen ist die Schule. Die zentralen gesellschaftlichen Ziele dieser Einrichtung sind die Qualifikationsfunktion, die Integrationsfunktion und die Selektionsfunktion. Dabei gehören Leistungsbeurteilung und Leistungsmessung in der Schulpraxis zu den wichtigsten Aufgaben. In der heutigen Gesellschaft bestimmen gute Schulleistungen und Schulabschlüsse über den Zugang zu bestimmten beruflichen Laufbahnen. Sie sind somit in der Regel die Basis für ein erfolgreiches zukünftiges Leben, auf beruflicher, sozialer und wirtschaftlicher Ebene eines jeden Schülers. Lehrer sollten sich dieser Verantwortung immer wieder bewusst werden. Das Streben nach Leistung und beruflichen Erfolgs ist in unserer heutigen Leistungsgesellschaft von zentraler Bedeutung. Aus diesem Grund ist die Thematik der ́Objektivierten Leistungsbewertung/ Leistungsmessung` in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr in den Fokus der öffentlichen Diskussion geraten und hat allgemein an Bedeutung gewonnen. Das zur Zeit in Deutschland gültige Benotungssystem, auf welches ich später eingehen werde, hat u.a. zum Ziel, dass jeder Schüler unabhängig von seinem familiären Hintergrund und seiner gesellschaftlichen Herkunft, die Möglichkeit bekommen soll einen guten Schulabschluss zu machen. Dies ist an erster Stelle im Schulgesetz des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt 2000 verankert. Dort steht zum "Erziehungs- und Bildungsauftrag der Schule" im §1 Abs.1 geschrieben: "Insbesondere hat jeder junge Mensch ohne Rücksicht auf seine Herkunft oder wirtschaftliche Lage das Recht auf eine seine Begabungen, seine Fähigkeiten und seine Neigung fördernde Erziehung, Bildung und Ausbildung.




Interthinking: Putting Talk to Work


Book Description

Written in an accessible and jargon-free style, Interthinking: putting talk to work explores the growing body of work on how people think creatively and productively together. Challenging purely individualistic accounts of human evolution and cognition, its internationally acclaimed authors provide analyses of real-life examples of collective thinking in everyday settings including workplaces, schools, rehearsal spaces and online environments. The authors use socio-cultural psychology to explain the processes involved in interthinking, to explore its creative power, but also to understand why collective thinking isn’t always productive or successful. With this knowledge we can maximise the constructive benefits of our ability to interthink, and understand the best ways in which we can help young people to develop, nurture and value that capability.




PISA The PISA 2003 Assessment Framework Mathematics, Reading, Science and Problem Solving Knowledge and Skills


Book Description

The PISA 2003 Assessment Framework presents the conceptual underpinning of the PISA 2003 assessments. Within each assessment area, the volume defines the content that students need to acquire, the processes that need to be performed and the contexts in which knowledge and skills are applied.




Island Rivers


Book Description

Anthropologists have written a great deal about the coastal adaptations and seafaring traditions of Pacific Islanders, but have had much less to say about the significance of rivers for Pacific island culture, livelihood and identity. The authors of this collection seek to fill that gap in the ethnographic record by drawing attention to the deep historical attachments of island communities to rivers, and the ways in which those attachments are changing in response to various forms of economic development and social change. In addition to making a unique contribution to Pacific island ethnography, the authors of this volume speak to a global set of issues of immense importance to a world in which water scarcity, conflict, pollution and the degradation of riparian environments afflict growing numbers of people. Several authors take a political ecology approach to their topic, but the emphasis here is less on hydro-politics than on the cultural meaning of rivers to the communities we describe. How has the cultural significance of rivers shifted as a result of colonisation, development and nation-building? How do people whose identities are fundamentally rooted in their relationship to a particular river renegotiate that relationship when the river is dammed to generate hydro-power or polluted by mining activities? How do blockages in the flow of rivers and underground springs interrupt the intergenerational transmission of local ecological knowledge and hence the ability of local communities to construct collective identities rooted in a sense of place?




Beethoven and the Construction of Genius


Book Description

"It was high time that someone tried to explain more fully, and on the basis of the known documents, the course of Beethoven's meteoric rise to fame in Vienna at the end of the eighteenth century. . . . I would consider this cleverly written and authoritative book to be the most important about Beethoven in twenty-five years. No one considering the subject will be able to overlook DeNora's research."—H.C. Robbins Landon, author of Beethoven: His Life, Work, and World "This is a study with the power to reshape our perceptions of Beethoven's first decade in Vienna and substantially refine our notions of the creation and foundations of Beethoven's career."—William Meredith, Ira Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies, San Jose State University "Professor DeNora's achievement in placing Beethoven, and the reception of Beethoven's music, in social context is all the more impressive because it goes so much against the grain of conventional habits of thought. In illuminating how changing social institutions created opportunities for Beethoven to gain contemporary and posthumous recognition, and, in so doing, created new forms for thinking and talking about musical achievement—the author at once provides fresh insights into the institutional origins of 'classical' music and offers an exemplary contribution to the sociological study of the arts."—Paul DiMaggio, Princeton University "An important landmark in our understanding of the relationship of the creative musician to society, and a vital contribution to debates about the central phenomenon which distinguishes Western music from other musical traditions: the phenomenon of the Great Composer."—Julian Rushton, University of Leeds "This original book argues that Beethoven's high reputation was created as much by the social-cultural agendas of his aristocratic Viennese patrons in the 1790s as by the qualities of his music. DeNora's persuasive reading of this momentous cultural-artistic event will be welcome to sociologists for its successful contextualization of a hero of 'absolute music,' as well as to musicologists and music-lovers who wish to move beyond the myth of Beethoven as 'the man who freed music.'"—James Webster, Cornell University "Lucid, well-researched, and theoretically informed, Beethoven and the Construction of Genius is one of the best works yet published in the historical sociology of culture. DeNora makes important contributions not only to our knowledge of Beethoven and of the social construction of genius but to the general problems of how identities are created, shaped, and sustained and of how aesthetic claims gain authority."—Craig Calhoun, University of North Carolina




The Schooled Society


Book Description

“Path-breaking . . . offers a rich, encompassing, global perspective on education . . . articulates an educationally-grounded vision of contemporary society.” —David John Frank, University of California, Irvine Only 150 years ago, the majority of the world’s population was largely illiterate. Today, not only do most people over fifteen have basic reading and writing skills, but 20 percent of the population attends some form of higher education. What are the effects of such radical, large-scale change? David Baker argues that the education revolution has transformed our world into a schooled society—that is, a society that is actively created and defined by education. Drawing on neo-institutionalism, The Schooled Society shows how mass education interjects itself and its ideologies into culture at large: from the dynamics of social mobility, to how we measure intelligence, to the values we promote. The proposition that education is a primary rather than a “reactive” institution is then tested by examining the degree to which education has influenced other large-scale social forces, such as the economy, politics, and religion. Rich, groundbreaking, and globally-oriented, The Schooled Society sheds light on how mass education has dramatically altered the face of society and human life. “One of the most important books in the sociology of education in quite some time. . . . It will solidify [Baker’s] reputation as one of today’s leading sociologists of education and comparative and international education.” —Alan R. Sadovnik, Rutgers University “David Baker explores formal education as a social-cultural force in its own right. . . . The Schooled Society offers a powerful alternative perspective on the global educational revolution.” —Maria Charles, University of California, Santa Barbara




The Shame of the Nation


Book Description

Since the early 1980s, when the federal courts began dismantling the landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, segregation of black children has reverted to its highest level since 1968. In many inner-city schools, a stick-and-carrot method of behavioral control traditionally used in prisons is now used with students. Meanwhile, as high-stakes testing takes on pathological and punitive dimensions, liberal education has been increasingly replaced by culturally barren and robotic methods of instruction that would be rejected out of hand by schools that serve the mainstream of society. Filled with the passionate voices of children, principals, and teachers, and some of the most revered leaders in the black community, The Shame of the Nation pays tribute to those undefeated educators who persist against the odds, but directly challenges the chilling practices now being forced upon our urban systems. In their place, Kozol offers a humane, dramatic challenge to our nation to fulfill at last the promise made some 50 years ago to all our youngest citizens.




The Case for Industrial Policy


Book Description

What are the underlying rationales for industrial policy? Does empirical evidence support the use of industrial policy for correcting market failures that plague the process of industrialization? To address these questions, the authors provide a critical survey of the analytical literature on industrial policy. They also review some recent industry successes and argue that only a limited role was played by public interventions. Moreover, the recent ascendance of international industrial networks, which dominate the sectors in which less developed countries have in the past had considerable success, implies a further limitation on the potential role of industrial policies as traditionally understood. Overall, there appears to be little empirical support for an activist government policy even though market failures exist that can, in principle, justify the use of industrial policy.




Problem Solving in a Foreign Language


Book Description

Although Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a popular teaching method, research on CLIL has nearly exclusively focused on aspects of language learning. Besides that, we are still lacking any cognitively well-grounded theory about the special features of contexts in which the focus is on content learning, but in which a foreign language is used as the medium of communicating information. This book re-examines the basis for CLIL from a cognitive perspective and investigates how the use of a foreign language as a working language influences the processing of content. It summarizes findings from cognitive psychology on thinking, problem solving and conceptual processing, and integrates them with models of language-specific mental activities such as speech processing and text composition. This provides a theoretically well-grounded basis for the understanding of the special features of CLIL, and promotes a Cognitive Linguistic perspective on CLIL pedagogy. The theoretical considerations form the basis for an empirical study that offers the first insights into what CLIL learners actually do when they solve content-focused tasks while using an L2. Through spontaneous verbalization of thought, detailed verbal protocols were elicited and analysed into language and content focused cognitive processes. The analysis shows that both language and conceptual thought interact closely and that a focus on language in general has positive effects on the processing of semantic content; the use of an L2 as working language can enhance this effect. Additionally, the study offers a thorough reflection and new perspectives on verbal protocols as research tools, in particular in L2 contexts.