Urban Water Trajectories


Book Description

Water is an essential element in the future of cities. It shapes cities’ locations, form, ecology, prosperity and health. The changing nature of urbanisation, climate change, water scarcity, environmental values, globalisation and social justice mean that the models of provision of water services and infrastructure that have dominated for the past two centuries are increasingly infeasible. Conventional arrangements for understanding and managing water in cities are being subverted by a range of natural, technological, political, economic and social changes. The prognosis for water in cities remains unclear, and multiple visions and discourses are emerging to fill the space left by the certainty of nineteenth century urban water planning and engineering. This book documents a sample of those different trajectories, in terms of water transformations, option, services and politics. Water is a key element shaping urban form, economies and lifestyles, part of the ongoing transformation of cities. Cities are faced with a range of technical and policy options for future water systems. Water is an essential urban service, but models of provision remain highly contested with different visions for ownership of infrastructure, the scale of provision, and the level of service demanded by users. Water is a contentious political issue in the future of cities, serving different urban interests as power and water seem to flow in the same direction. Cities in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and South America provide case studies and emerging water challenges and responses. Comparison across different contexts demonstrates how the particular and the universal intersect in complex ways to generate new trajectories for urban water.










Annual Research Briefs ...


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Technical Note


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Liquid-Liquid InterfacesTheory and Methods


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Update your knowledge of the chemical, biological, and physical properties of liquid-liquid interfaces with Liquid-Liquid Interfaces: Theory and Methods. This valuable reference presents a broadly based account of current research in liquid-liquid interfaces and is ideal for researchers, teachers, and students. Internationally recognized investigators of electrochemical, biological, and photochemical effects in interfacial phenomena share their own research results and extensively review the results of others working in their area. Because of its unusually wide breadth, this book has something for everyone interested in liquid-liquid interfaces. Topics include interfacial and phase transfer catalysis, electrochemistry and colloidal chemistry, ion and electron transport processes, molecular dynamics, electroanalysis, liquid membranes, emulsions, pharmacology, and artificial photosynthesis. Enlightening discussions explore biotechnological applications, such as drug delivery, separation and purification of nuclear waste, catalysis, mineral extraction processes, and the manufacturing of biosensors and ion-selective electrodes. Liquid-Liquid Interfaces: Theory and Methods is a well-written, informative, one-stop resource that will save you time and energy in your search for the latest information on liquid-liquid interfaces.




Techniques for Measuring Liquid Water Content Along a Trajectory


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The standard procedure for estimating the point value of liquid water content (M) along the reentry path of a ballistic missile is to use a radar derived value of radar reflectivity factor (Z), with the M to Z relation obtained from aircraft measurements of the particle spectrum. This report contains descriptions of the various techniques used to make the radar and aircraft data compatible. The results of various methods to predict the liquid water content values are compared with aircraft measured values. The extrapolation of instrumentally truncated aircraft measurements to include the entire range of particle sizes is treated in Section 1. Section 2 contains a discussion of the method of deriving nominal M-Z relations, applies the method to data acquired at Kwajalein Missile Range, and provides M-Z relations for rain, small snow, large snow, and bullet rosettes. The introduction of the factor 'k' to convert from aircraft measurements to radar derived values is also discussed in Section 2. The relationship of k with altitude and temperature for data from Kwajalein and Wallops Island is covered in Section 3. Finally, Section 4 contains a determination of the accuracy to which liquid water content can be estimated from climatological storm data for moderate to heavy stratiform winter storms at Wallops Island. The results of Section 4 demonstrate that situations which deviate significantly from climatological averages still require time- specific M-Z relations derived from simultaneous aircraft-radar measurements.




Report


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