Manejo en la terapia intensiva de la donación y trasplantes de órganos


Book Description

Transferir células, tejidos u órganos para sustituir una función perdida ha sido un procedimiento perseguido por la medicina desde hace mucho tiempo, que ha permitido que a lo largo de la historia las grandes mentes realicen muy valiosas aportaciones. Sin embargo, el éxito de los trasplantes es relativamente reciente. Hasta 1954 se logró el primer trasplante renal exitoso, el cual se realizó entre gemelos monocigóticos, pero fue cinco años después cuando se lograron los primeros trasplantes entre personas genéticamente diferentes. Para describir esta historia la dividiremos en diferentes apartados, que abarcan cada uno un periodo en el que se puede identificar un problema particular, que era el más importante para ese momento histórico y que en la siguiente etapa será sustituido por un nuevo problema. La era moderna de los trasplantes, en que se inició formalmente la aplicación clínica de los trasplantes, nació en París y en Boston después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Murray (premio Nobel de Medicina en 1990), cirujano plástico que trabajó en injertos de piel a pacientes quemados durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, obtuvo una gran experiencia en el rechazo de estos injertos. Finalizada la guerra se integró al Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, de Boston, el mismo donde Hume estaba iniciando su experiencia en trasplante renal. Murray se interesó en los mecanismos de rechazo del riñón y llevó a término un importante número de estos trasplantes en perros, convencido de que el rechazo podía evitarse en casos de gran similitud genética entre el donante y el receptor. El 23 de diciembre de 1954, en el Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, John Merrill, Joseph Murray y Hartwell Harrison dirigieron el trasplante del riñón de un gemelo idéntico sano a su gemelo grave por una enfermedad renal. La operación fue exitosa, la función renal se restauró en el recipiente y no hubo problemas con el donador. Este procedimiento representó el primer trasplante renal exitoso, por lo que generó grandes expectativas. Este éxito impulsó el trasplante entre gemelos. En Boston se realizaron siete trasplantes de este tipo en poco más de tres años, hasta enero de 1958. Parecía que sólo podían ser tolerados los trasplantes renales entre gemelos univitelinos, mientras que cualquier otro tipo de trasplante estaba condenado al fracaso rápido debido al mecanismo de rechazo. Sin duda, esta etapa constituye un hito en la historia de los trasplantes, dado que demostró la posibilidad de sustituir la función renal mediante el trasplante, pero evidenciando la limitante de la inmunocompatibilidad.




Trasplantes en el S. XXI. Una reflexión interdisciplinar


Book Description

El presente texto aporta una síntesis aclaratoria de las principales herramientas competenciales que se necesitan para la elaboración de un mensaje escrito en sus diferentes manifestaciones o modelos, a la vez que se apuntan no sólo los patrones de corrección lingüística, sino también muchos de los errores producidos en la escritura y que se han de evitar para una redacción precisa. Al lado de los conceptos teóricos, aparecen esquemas y mapas conceptuales que pretenden resumir a modo de síntesis gráfica los pasos más relevantes para lograr una comunicación correcta en el proceso de escritura. La escritura no es un instrumento de supervivencia, sino un valor social, especialmente en el mundo universitario y empresarial y cada vez más y con mayor insistencia se pide a nuestros egresados una buena redacción, tanto para sus entrevistas de trabajo como para el desarrollo del mismo.




The Brain-Dead Organ Donor


Book Description

Addressing all aspects of brain death and thoroughly detailing how a potential organ donor should be maintained to ensure maximum use of the organs and cells, The Brain-Dead Organ Donor: Pathophysiology and Management is a landmark addition to the literature. This first-of-its-kind, multidisciplinary volume will be of interest to a large section of the medical community. The first section of the book reviews the historical, medical, legal, and ethical aspects of brain death. That is followed by two chapters on the pathophysiology of brain death as investigated in small and large animal models. This includes a review of the many hormonal changes, including the neuroendocrine- adrenergic ‘storm’, that takes place during and following the induction of brain death, and how they impact metabolism. The next section of the book reviews various effects of brain death, namely its impact on thyroid function, the inflammatory response that develops, and those relating to innate immunity. The chapters relating to assessment and management of potential organ donors will be of interest to a very large group of transplant surgeons and physicians as well as critical care and neurocritical care physicians and nurses. Neurologists, endocrinologists, neurosurgeons, and pathologists will also be interested, especially in the more basic science sections on various aspects of brain-death and hormonal therapy. Organ procurement organizations and transplant coordinators worldwide will also be interested in this title. Other chapters will be of interest to medical historians, medico-legal experts, and ethicists.




Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes


Book Description

This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews.




Nursing Research


Book Description

Integrates Australasian cases, examples and methodologies building on the US edition.




Xenotransplantation


Book Description

Xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of cells, tissues, and whole organs from one species to another. Interest in animal-to-human xenotransplants has been spurred by the continuing shortage of donated human organs and by advances in knowledge concerning the biology of organ and tissue rejection. The scientific advances and promise, however, raise complex questions that must be addressed. This book considers the scientific and medical feasibility of xenotransplantation and explores the ethical and public policy issues surrounding the possibility of renewed clinical trials. The volume focuses on the science base of xenotransplantation, public health risks of infectious disease transmission, and ethical and public policy issues, including the views of patients and their families.




Extracorporeal Life Support for Adults


Book Description

This book presents a concise, evidence-based review of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for adult diseases. It describes the use of ECLS with patients who are experiencing severe hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARDS and pneumonia), ventilatory failure (status asthmaticus and COPD), cardiogenic shock and circulatory or gas exchange failure following complications in cardiothoracic surgery, as well as its use as a bridge to lung transplant. Historically, clinicians have used ECLS as a last resort; however, this text details the technological improvements, evidence of improved outcomes and adverse consequences of alternative treatments that are causing this modality to be more commonly adopted. Topics include a description of the complex physiology and technology underlying ECLS; the evidence base for its use in specific clinical conditions; vascular access techniques; daily management of the circuit and patient; guidance regarding the weaning and decannulation process and recommendations for crisis management and rehabilitation related to ECLS. Extracorporeal Life Support for Adults is ideal reading for practicing physicians, nurses, perfusion specialists, therapists and critical care trainees who are considering whether to refer their patients for ECLS or are already providing ECLS and are seeking a practical reference to best practices and updated information.




Crisis Standards of Care


Book Description

Disasters and public health emergencies can stress health care systems to the breaking point and disrupt delivery of vital medical services. During such crises, hospitals and long-term care facilities may be without power; trained staff, ambulances, medical supplies and beds could be in short supply; and alternate care facilities may need to be used. Planning for these situations is necessary to provide the best possible health care during a crisis and, if needed, equitably allocate scarce resources. Crisis Standards of Care: A Toolkit for Indicators and Triggers examines indicators and triggers that guide the implementation of crisis standards of care and provides a discussion toolkit to help stakeholders establish indicators and triggers for their own communities. Together, indicators and triggers help guide operational decision making about providing care during public health and medical emergencies and disasters. Indicators and triggers represent the information and actions taken at specific thresholds that guide incident recognition, response, and recovery. This report discusses indicators and triggers for both a slow onset scenario, such as pandemic influenza, and a no-notice scenario, such as an earthquake. Crisis Standards of Care features discussion toolkits customized to help various stakeholders develop indicators and triggers for their own organizations, agencies, and jurisdictions. The toolkit contains scenarios, key questions, and examples of indicators, triggers, and tactics to help promote discussion. In addition to common elements designed to facilitate integrated planning, the toolkit contains chapters specifically customized for emergency management, public health, emergency medical services, hospital and acute care, and out-of-hospital care.




Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura


Book Description

This reference presents detailed discussions of the history, pathology, pathophysiology, and approaches to treatment of the complicated, constantly evolving syndromes known as thrombotic thromocytopenic purpura (TTP), from many different points of view. Hemolytic Uremic syndrome and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura offers: extensive analyses of the relationship between HUS and TTP; epidemiological studies of HUS from the UK, Canada, Asia, South Africa and Argentina; investigations of non-renal complications of HUS; perspectives on atypical HUS and post-transplantation HUS; delineations of the association between verotoxin and HUS, HUS and pregnancy, and HUS and cancer and cancer tharapy; information on HUS/TTP in HIV-infected patients; explications of the pathology and pathogenesis of HUS; and approaches to treatment of HUS, prognosis, and long-term follow-up.;In addition, it covers the history and pathogenesis of TTP, von Willebrand factor abnormalities in TTP and HUS, platelet agglutinating proteins in TTP, and the treatment of TTP.;With over 2000 literature citations and figures, this book is for nephrologists, hematologists, oncologists, paediatricians, pathologists, gastroenterologists, internists, endocrinologists, infectious disease specialists, neurologists, gynaecologists, microbiologists, surgeons, geneticsts, epidemiologists, radiologists, and medical school students in these disciplines.




From Grammar to Meaning


Book Description

In recent years, the study of formal semantics and formal pragmatics has grown tremendously, showing that core aspects of language meaning can be explained by a few principles. These principles are grounded in the logic that is behind - and tightly intertwined with - the grammar of human language. In this book, some of the most prominent figures in linguistics, including Noam Chomsky and Barbara H. Partee, offer new insights into the nature of linguistic meaning and pave the way for the further development of formal semantics and formal pragmatics. Each chapter investigates various dimensions in which the logical nature of human language manifests itself within a language and/or across languages. Phenomena like bare plurals, free choice items, scalar implicatures, intervention effects, and logical operators are investigated in depth and at times cross-linguistically and/or experimentally. This volume will be of interest to scholars working within the fields of semantics, pragmatics, language acquisition and psycholinguistics.