Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide


Book Description

This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov)




Patient-Reported Outcomes in Performance Measurement


Book Description

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are measures of how patients feel or what they are able to do in the context of their health status; PROs are reports, usually on questionnaires, about a patient's health conditions, health behaviors, or experiences with health care that individuals report directly, without modification of responses by clinicians or others; thus, they directly reflect the voice of the patient. PROs cover domains such as physical health, mental and emotional health, functioning, symptoms and symptom burden, and health behaviors. They are relevant for many activities: helping patients and their clinicians make informed decisions about health care, monitoring the progress of care, setting policies for coverage and reimbursement of health services, improving the quality of health care services, and tracking or reporting on the performance of health care delivery organizations. We address the major methodological issues related to choosing, administering, and using PROs for these purposes, particularly in clinical practice settings. We include a framework for best practices in selecting PROs, focusing on choosing appropriate methods and modes for administering PRO measures to accommodate patients with diverse linguistic, cultural, educational, and functional skills, understanding measures developed through both classic and modern test theory, and addressing complex issues relating to scoring and analyzing PRO data.




Field Trials of Health Interventions


Book Description

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Before new interventions are released into disease control programmes, it is essential that they are carefully evaluated in field trials'. These may be complex and expensive undertakings, requiring the follow-up of hundreds, or thousands, of individuals, often for long periods. Descriptions of the detailed procedures and methods used in the trials that have been conducted have rarely been published. A consequence of this, individuals planning such trials have few guidelines available and little access to knowledge accumulated previously, other than their own. In this manual, practical issues in trial design and conduct are discussed fully and in sufficient detail, that Field Trials of Health Interventions may be used as a toolbox' by field investigators. It has been compiled by an international group of over 30 authors with direct experience in the design, conduct, and analysis of field trials in low and middle income countries and is based on their accumulated knowledge and experience. Available as an open access book via Oxford Medicine Online, this new edition is a comprehensive revision, incorporating the new developments that have taken place in recent years with respect to trials, including seven new chapters on subjects ranging from trial governance, and preliminary studies to pilot testing.




Measuring Patient Outcomes


Book Description

One of the most sought-after topics at the recent regional nursing research conference was outcomes measurement and research. Authors, Marie T. Nolan and Victoria Mock give a basic introduction to patient outcomes measurement. Measuring Patient Outcomes book is divided into two sections: the first section provides an overview of the patient outcomes measurement process (identification of outcomes, use of an SPSS data file, common statistical methods for measuring outcomes, data entry, presentation of outcomes); and the second comprises a variety of case examples of patient outcomes measurement.




Measuring the Impact of Interprofessional Education on Collaborative Practice and Patient Outcomes


Book Description

Interprofessional teamwork and collaborative practice are emerging as key elements of efficient and productive work in promoting health and treating patients. The vision for these collaborations is one where different health and/or social professionals share a team identity and work closely together to solve problems and improve delivery of care. Although the value of interprofessional education (IPE) has been embraced around the world - particularly for its impact on learning - many in leadership positions have questioned how IPE affects patent, population, and health system outcomes. This question cannot be fully answered without well-designed studies, and these studies cannot be conducted without an understanding of the methods and measurements needed to conduct such an analysis. This Institute of Medicine report examines ways to measure the impacts of IPE on collaborative practice and health and system outcomes. According to this report, it is possible to link the learning process with downstream person or population directed outcomes through thoughtful, well-designed studies of the association between IPE and collaborative behavior. Measuring the Impact of Interprofessional Education on Collaborative Practice and Patient Outcomes describes the research needed to strengthen the evidence base for IPE outcomes. Additionally, this report presents a conceptual model for evaluating IPE that could be adapted to particular settings in which it is applied. Measuring the Impact of Interprofessional Education on Collaborative Practice and Patient Outcomes addresses the current lack of broadly applicable measures of collaborative behavior and makes recommendations for resource commitments from interprofessional stakeholders, funders, and policy makers to advance the study of IPE.




Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes


Book Description

This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews.




How to Measure Health Outcomes


Book Description

Complementing existing literature on measuring health outcomes that is largely conceptual, this book focuses on simple, practical advice for measuring outcomes in a variety of settings. Written in an engaging conversational tone, readers will learn why measuring health outcomes is necessary in clinical practice and how these measures may vary between people and across care structures. Covering how to identify measurements as well as collect and analyze the data, the chapters lead readers through a series of logical steps to scaling up a measurement program. The workbook style allows readers to record their own notes and thoughts throughout the book, while the list of action steps at the end of chapters are tangible starting points for developing a measurement program of their own. Explores how to measure and think about outcomes in a way that sees the whole person, not just the medical or behavioral condition they have.




Measuring Health And Medical Outcomes


Book Description

A clear analysis of the design, potential uses and limitations of questionnaires in measuring health from the perspective of the patient. Practical examples illustrate the methodological issues and guide the reader through good and bad practice. The book will appeal to academics, postgraduates and advanced undergraduates in medical sociology, health economics, social/health psychology, public health and epidemiology. It will also be extremely helpful to social science researchers outside these areas who have an interest in the use of questionnaires in an applied field.; "Social research today" is a forthcoming series of books devoted to the illumination of significant methodological topics in the social sciences and professional social research. The structure of social inquiry combines two separate elements: empirical evidence and organizing ideas and theories. Both are necessary for successful social understanding; one without the other is barren. This series will be concerned with the means by which this structure is maintained and kept standing and upright. The books in the series are intended for undergraduates in the social sciences, postgraduate students undergoing research training, and those undertaking social research of whatever kind. Broadly conceived, research methodology refers to the general grounds for the validity of social science propositions. How do we know what we do know about the social world? More narrowly, it deals with questions such as h.; This book is intended for academics, postgraduates and advanced undergraduates within medical sociology, health economics, social/health psychology, public healthand epidemiology. Social science researchers with an interest in theuse of questionnaires in an applied field.




Risk Adjustment for Measuring Health Care Outcomes


Book Description

This text offers independent chapters for a multidisciplinary readership of students and professionals in areas such as biostatistics, public health, psychology, and health policy. It introduces concepts and methods for designing, using, and evaluating risk adjustment methods when comparing outcomes of care such as costs, clinical outcomes, and patient-centered outcomes in various health care settings. Because the field is broad and changing, the book does not review existing risk adjustment methods; instead, it concentrates on basic methods and principles that apply generally to risk adjustment. Individual chapters are devoted to data from administrative sources, medical records, and patient surveys. Later chapters cover practical issues in developing and evaluating risk adjustment methods and understanding their validity and reliability. There is also material on risk adjustment for specific populations. This fourth edition contains a new chapter on using risk adjustment in the management of health care organizations, plus new information on genetic, social, and environmental risk factors. This edition reflects current practice in electronic health records and health information technologies. Iezzoni teaches medicine at Harvard Medical School. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).




Measuring the Quality of Health Care


Book Description

The National Roundtable on Health Care Quality was established in 1995 by the Institute of Medicine. The Roundtable consists of experts formally appointed through procedures of the National Research Council (NRC) who represent both public and private-sector perspectives and appropriate areas of substantive expertise (not organizations). From the public sector, heads of appropriate Federal agencies serve. It offers a unique, nonadversarial environment to explore ongoing rapid changes in the medical marketplace and the implications of these changes for the quality of health and health care in this nation. The Roundtable has a liaison panel focused on quality of care in managed care organizations. The Roundtable convenes nationally prominent representatives of the private and public sector (regional, state and federal), academia, patients, and the health media to analyze unfolding issues concerning quality, to hold workshops and commission papers on significant topics, and when appropriate, to produce periodic statements for the nation on quality of care matters. By providing a structured opportunity for regular communication and interaction, the Roundtable fosters candid discussion among individuals who represent various sides of a given issue.