Empirical Asset Pricing


Book Description

An introduction to the theory and methods of empirical asset pricing, integrating classical foundations with recent developments. This book offers a comprehensive advanced introduction to asset pricing, the study of models for the prices and returns of various securities. The focus is empirical, emphasizing how the models relate to the data. The book offers a uniquely integrated treatment, combining classical foundations with more recent developments in the literature and relating some of the material to applications in investment management. It covers the theory of empirical asset pricing, the main empirical methods, and a range of applied topics. The book introduces the theory of empirical asset pricing through three main paradigms: mean variance analysis, stochastic discount factors, and beta pricing models. It describes empirical methods, beginning with the generalized method of moments (GMM) and viewing other methods as special cases of GMM; offers a comprehensive review of fund performance evaluation; and presents selected applied topics, including a substantial chapter on predictability in asset markets that covers predicting the level of returns, volatility and higher moments, and predicting cross-sectional differences in returns. Other chapters cover production-based asset pricing, long-run risk models, the Campbell-Shiller approximation, the debate on covariance versus characteristics, and the relation of volatility to the cross-section of stock returns. An extensive reference section captures the current state of the field. The book is intended for use by graduate students in finance and economics; it can also serve as a reference for professionals.




The Cost of Capital


Book Description

A thorough exposition of the theory relating to the cost of capital.




Asset Pricing


Book Description

Winner of the prestigious Paul A. Samuelson Award for scholarly writing on lifelong financial security, John Cochrane's Asset Pricing now appears in a revised edition that unifies and brings the science of asset pricing up to date for advanced students and professionals. Cochrane traces the pricing of all assets back to a single idea—price equals expected discounted payoff—that captures the macro-economic risks underlying each security's value. By using a single, stochastic discount factor rather than a separate set of tricks for each asset class, Cochrane builds a unified account of modern asset pricing. He presents applications to stocks, bonds, and options. Each model—consumption based, CAPM, multifactor, term structure, and option pricing—is derived as a different specification of the discounted factor. The discount factor framework also leads to a state-space geometry for mean-variance frontiers and asset pricing models. It puts payoffs in different states of nature on the axes rather than mean and variance of return, leading to a new and conveniently linear geometrical representation of asset pricing ideas. Cochrane approaches empirical work with the Generalized Method of Moments, which studies sample average prices and discounted payoffs to determine whether price does equal expected discounted payoff. He translates between the discount factor, GMM, and state-space language and the beta, mean-variance, and regression language common in empirical work and earlier theory. The book also includes a review of recent empirical work on return predictability, value and other puzzles in the cross section, and equity premium puzzles and their resolution. Written to be a summary for academics and professionals as well as a textbook, this book condenses and advances recent scholarship in financial economics.




The Capital Asset Pricing Model in the 21st Century


Book Description

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the mean-variance (M-V) rule, which are based on classic expected utility theory, have been heavily criticized theoretically and empirically. The advent of behavioral economics, prospect theory and other psychology-minded approaches in finance challenges the rational investor model from which CAPM and M-V derive. Haim Levy argues that the tension between the classic financial models and behavioral economics approaches is more apparent than real. This book aims to relax the tension between the two paradigms. Specifically, Professor Levy shows that although behavioral economics contradicts aspects of expected utility theory, CAPM and M-V are intact in both expected utility theory and cumulative prospect theory frameworks. There is furthermore no evidence to reject CAPM empirically when ex-ante parameters are employed. Professionals may thus comfortably teach and use CAPM and behavioral economics or cumulative prospect theory as coexisting paradigms.




Empirical Analysis of Multifactor Asset Pricing Models. A Comparison of US and Japanese REITs


Book Description

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2021 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,0, , language: English, abstract: This study is concerned with an empirical analysis of asset pricing. More specifically, this paper examines whether multifactor asset pricing models are able to explain variation in REIT returns in the US and Japan. In addition to traditional multifactor models, an Alternative Four-Factor Model (AFF) was developed considering net profit margin as an additional risk factor. Thence, this paper seeks to provide valuable information for investors and fund managers regarding their indirect real estate investment selection. Using a sample period between July 1994 (US) / July 2011 (Japan) to December 2020, rigorous multiple-time-series regression is applied to calculate factor loadings for each risk factor and the corresponding alpha values of each model to evaluate their effectiveness in explaining variation and cross-section of REIT returns. Most studies on asset pricing models focus on size and value sorted portfolios as dependent variables. This paper broadens the approach with four other double sorted test portfolios to check the robustness of each single factor to explain return anomalies. Results show that market premium and size premium represent risk factors for US-REITs, whereas market premium and value premium are suitable risk factors for Japanese-REITs. The momentum factor does not capture risk and is insignificant in both markets. The study shows low correlations between traditional and REIT specific as well as between US and Japanese risk factors. This suggests that firstly risk factors are country specific and secondly that they are asset specific. Moreover, the Fama-French Three-Factor Model (FF3) clearly outperforms the CAPM, while the Carhart Four-Factor Model (CH4) marginally improves the explanatory power over the FF3. This is observed in both markets. Outcomes demonstrate that the Alternative Four-Factor Model (AAF) does not improve prediction power for returns of Japanese-REITs compared to the FF3 and CH4. On the contrary, results are ambiguous concerning US-REITs. While the additional risk factor, net profit margin, generates a negative return, the model is superior to the FF3 and CH4 in terms of explaining variation and cross-section of returns.




Digital Economy: Complexity and Variety vs. Rationality


Book Description

This proceedings book features selected papers from the 9th National Scientific and Practical Conference “Digital Economy: Complexity and Variety Vs. Rationality,” which took place on April 17–18, 2019, in Vladimir (Russian Federation). It presents the latest research in the field of the digital economy, discussing its role in the creation of advantages for the state, entrepreneurship, and society, as well as the emergence of new economic risks. The chapters address the following topics: the importance of economy’s digital modernization, tools for the formation of the digital economy in Russia, specific features and perspectives of digital modernization of the regional economy, an overview of the social consequences of transition to the digital economy, financial components of the digital economy, legal challenges regarding the digital reality for society and state, and the main challenges and threats to the profession of jurisprudence in the context of the digitization of the economy. Intended for representatives of the academic community and researchers interested in the formation of the digital economy and digital society as well as undergraduates, postgraduates, and masters of economic specialties, the book is also a valuable resource for companies that use or wishing to implement digital technologies into their economic practices; and public and government employees involved with monitoring, control, and regulation of the digital economy.




A New Model of Capital Asset Prices


Book Description

This book proposes a new capital asset pricing model dubbed the ZCAPM that outperforms other popular models in empirical tests using US stock returns. The ZCAPM is derived from Fischer Black’s well-known zero-beta CAPM, itself a more general form of the famous capital asset pricing model (CAPM) by 1990 Nobel Laureate William Sharpe and others. It is widely accepted that the CAPM has failed in its theoretical relation between market beta risk and average stock returns, as numerous studies have shown that it does not work in the real world with empirical stock return data. The upshot of the CAPM’s failure is that many new factors have been proposed by researchers. However, the number of factors proposed by authors has steadily increased into the hundreds over the past three decades. This new ZCAPM is a path-breaking asset pricing model that is shown to outperform popular models currently in practice in finance across different test assets and time periods. Since asset pricing is central to the field of finance, it can be broadly employed across many areas, including investment analysis, cost of equity analyses, valuation, corporate decision making, pension portfolio management, etc. The ZCAPM represents a revolution in finance that proves the CAPM as conceived by Sharpe and others is alive and well in a new form, and will certainly be of interest to academics, researchers, students, and professionals of finance, investing, and economics.




Asset Prices, Booms and Recessions


Book Description

The financial market melt-down of the years 2007-2009 has posed great challenges for studies on financial economics. This financial economics text focuses on the dynamic interaction of financial markets and economic activity. The financial market to be studied here encompasses the money and bond market, credit market, stock market and foreign exchange market; economic activity includes the actions and interactions of firms, banks, households, governments and countries. The book shows how economic activity affects asset prices and the financial market, and how asset prices and financial market volatility and crises impact economic activity. The book offers extensive coverage of new and advanced topics in financial economics such as the term structure of interest rates, credit derivatives and credit risk, domestic and international portfolio theory, multi-agent and evolutionary approaches, capital asset pricing beyond consumption-based models, and dynamic portfolio decisions. Moreover a completely new section of the book is dedicated to the recent financial market meltdown of the years 2007-2009. Emphasis is placed on empirical evidence relating to episodes of financial instability and financial crises in the U.S. and in Latin American, Asian and Euro-area countries. Overall, the book explains what researchers and practitioners in the financial sector need to know about the financial-real interaction, and what practitioners and policy makers need to know about the financial market.




Asset Pricing and Portfolio Choice Theory


Book Description

This book covers the classical results on single-period, discrete-time, and continuous-time models of portfolio choice and asset pricing. It also treats asymmetric information, production models, various proposed explanations for the equity premium puzzle, and topics important for behavioral finance.




An Introduction to Financial Markets


Book Description

COVERS THE FUNDAMENTAL TOPICS IN MATHEMATICS, STATISTICS, AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT THAT ARE REQUIRED FOR A THOROUGH STUDY OF FINANCIAL MARKETS This comprehensive yet accessible book introduces students to financial markets and delves into more advanced material at a steady pace while providing motivating examples, poignant remarks, counterexamples, ideological clashes, and intuitive traps throughout. Tempered by real-life cases and actual market structures, An Introduction to Financial Markets: A Quantitative Approach accentuates theory through quantitative modeling whenever and wherever necessary. It focuses on the lessons learned from timely subject matter such as the impact of the recent subprime mortgage storm, the collapse of LTCM, and the harsh criticism on risk management and innovative finance. The book also provides the necessary foundations in stochastic calculus and optimization, alongside financial modeling concepts that are illustrated with relevant and hands-on examples. An Introduction to Financial Markets: A Quantitative Approach starts with a complete overview of the subject matter. It then moves on to sections covering fixed income assets, equity portfolios, derivatives, and advanced optimization models. This book’s balanced and broad view of the state-of-the-art in financial decision-making helps provide readers with all the background and modeling tools needed to make “honest money” and, in the process, to become a sound professional. Stresses that gut feelings are not always sufficient and that “critical thinking” and real world applications are appropriate when dealing with complex social systems involving multiple players with conflicting incentives Features a related website that contains a solution manual for end-of-chapter problems Written in a modular style for tailored classroom use Bridges a gap for business and engineering students who are familiar with the problems involved, but are less familiar with the methodologies needed to make smart decisions An Introduction to Financial Markets: A Quantitative Approach offers a balance between the need to illustrate mathematics in action and the need to understand the real life context. It is an ideal text for a first course in financial markets or investments for business, economic, statistics, engineering, decision science, and management science students.