Multispecies Toxicity Testing
Author : John Cairns
Publisher : Pergamon
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 39,86 MB
Release : 1985
Category : Medical
ISBN :
Author : John Cairns
Publisher : Pergamon
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 39,86 MB
Release : 1985
Category : Medical
ISBN :
Author : John Cairns
Publisher :
Page : 261 pages
File Size : 12,5 MB
Release : 1985
Category :
ISBN :
Author : John Cairns, Jr.
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 30,26 MB
Release : 1994-12-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780873715997
Ecological Toxicity Testing provides a critical comparison of toxicity tests at different levels of biological organization from cells to landscapes. While ecological toxicity tests can be designed at any of the many levels of complexity and on spatial scales ranging from square millimeters to square kilometers, the uses to which this information can be put often differs with scale. In the past decade, tests at all levels have been refined and subjected to critical evaluations of their predictive accuracy. This text/reference includes evaluations of toxicity test systems at various scales and complexities by expert practitioners. It also offers broader analyses of the effects of scale on endpoint selection, test design and analyses, and chemical sensitivity.
Author : Robert Warinner
Publisher :
Page : 42 pages
File Size : 27,55 MB
Release : 1995
Category : Aquatic organisms
ISBN :
Author : Kurt Walter Pontasch
Publisher :
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 15,34 MB
Release : 1988
Category : Aquatic ecology
ISBN :
Author : Orton Malion Kachinjika
Publisher :
Page : pages
File Size : 11,55 MB
Release : 1986
Category :
ISBN :
Author : Donald Irvin Mount
Publisher :
Page : pages
File Size : 36,25 MB
Release : 1984
Category : Pollution
ISBN :
Author : J. Cairns
Publisher :
Page : 4 pages
File Size : 29,20 MB
Release : 1985
Category : Adaptation
ISBN :
A multispecies toxicity test is described that uses indigenous microorganisms. The test is suitable for both laboratory and field, is inexpensive, replicates easily, and uses extremely inexpensive materials. An additional advantage is the use of an important ecological rate process as an end point; therefore the test is superior to test using lethality as an end point. The test can be carried out using organisms collected from a site of interest or from a specific ecological resource area. Site-specific or synthetic dilution water may be used. The major drawback is a requirement for significant taxonomic ability. However, more general chemical measures such as ATP biomass, chlorophyll biomass, or heterotrophic index may substitute for species identification. Although this test has been used in a variety of freshwater ecosystems in the United States and has been validated to a limited degree in the People's Republic of China, a wider data base is required before it can be generally used.
Author :
Publisher :
Page : 901 pages
File Size : 33,94 MB
Release : 1994
Category :
ISBN :
In this research program, new methods of data analysis were applied to the analysis of multispecies toxicity tests using three complex toxicants. The water soluble traction of the turbine fuels Jet-A, JP-4 and JP-8 have been examined as stressors for two microcosm protocols, the standardized aquatic microcosm (SAM) and the mixed flask culture (MFC). The SAM is a 3 L system inoculated with standard cultures of algae, zooplankton, bacteria, and protozoa. In contrast, the MFC is 1 L and is inoculated with a complex mixture of organisms derived from a natural source. Analysis of the organism counts and physical data were conducted using conventional and newly derived multivariate nonmetric clustering methods and computer visualization techniques. Several fundamental discoveries regarding the impacts of toxicants on ecological systems were made. The first is that recovery of an ecosystem in the sense that it returns to the original or reference state is not a property of these systems. In fact, it is unlikely that recovery is a property of other larger ecological systems. In our experiments the various treatment groups incorporated the information as to toxicant concentration that was expressed after periods of so- called recovery. The differentiation of the treatment groups occurred even after the elimination of the toxicant from the test system. Another fundamental discovery is that multispecies toxicity tests are not repeatable, although within one experiment the replicates of a treatment group are replicable. In other words, initial conditions are important. The outcome of this research may lead to a new viewpoint in describing the impacts of toxicants on complex ecological systems. This viewpoint is described as the Community Conditioning Hypothesis.
Author : Abdul Halim Sulaiman
Publisher :
Page : 370 pages
File Size : 11,34 MB
Release : 1987
Category :
ISBN :