OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 418: Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances Following Acute Exposure


Book Description

The test substance is administered orally in a single dose to domestic hens. The animals are observed for 21 days, then the remainder of the hens are killed and histopathological examination is undertaken. The young adult domestic laying hen (Gallus ...




OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 419: Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances: 28-day Repeated Dose Study


Book Description

This Test Guideline is used in the assessment and evaluation of the toxic effects of organophosporus substances. Daily doses of the test substance are administered orally (preferably by gavage or administration of gelatin capsules) to domestic ...




OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 424: Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents


Book Description

This Test Guideline has been designed to obtain the information necessary to confirm or to further characterise the potential neurotoxicity of chemicals in adult animals. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It specifically ...




OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 426: Developmental Neurotoxicity Study


Book Description

A developmental neurotoxicity study will provide information on the effects of repeated exposure to a substance during in utero and early postnatal development. The test substance is administered daily, generally orally, to mated females (rats are ...




A Practical Guide to Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment


Book Description

Toxicology – the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms is the cornerstone to all aspects of chemical safety and knowledge of the subject is needed in a wide spectrum of fields from the chemical industry to medicine, emergency services, forensics, and regulatory science. Toxicology involves the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning ... especially the poisoning of people. The many problems arising from a poor understanding of toxicology and its applications in hazard communication and chemical safety motivated the author's training courses and webinars, leading to this valuable book. Providing a practical and accessible guide, A Practical Guide to Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment enables readers to quickly build up knowledge and understanding of toxicology and its use in hazard identification, which is a fundamental part of chemical risk assessment. The book also covers current toxicological testing strategies and the use of physicochemical test data in hazard identification and exposure assessment. Examples are provided throughout the book to highlight important issues along with a summary of the key points that have been covered in each of the respective chapters. The book concludes with a listing of online resources on toxicology and risk assessment.




OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Procedure


Book Description

A principle of the method is that in the main study only moderately toxic doses are used, and the administration of doses that are expected to be lethal should be avoided. This Guideline is intended primarily for use with rat. Groups of animals of a ...




OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 491: Short Time Exposure In Vitro Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage


Book Description

This Test Guideline describes a cytotoxicity-based in vitro assay that is performed on a confluent monolayer of Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells, cultured on a 96-well polycarbonate microplate.







Neurotransmitters and Toxicology


Book Description

Neurotransmitters are usually considered to be endogenous substances that are released from neurons, act on receptor sites that are typically present on membranes of postsynaptic cells and produce a functional change in the properties of the target cell. They are essential features of the nervous systems of all animals, and numerous chemicals can act as neurotransmitters either intentionally (e.g. pesticides) or unintentionally (neurotoxins). The most common forms of neurotoxicity are the death of neurons, degeneration of axons, damage to glial cells and interference with the axonal membrane or neurotransmission. Important neurotoxins are found among pesticides, metals, solvents, natural substances, and industrial chemicals. Environmental chemicals may also contribute to the pathology of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotransmitters and Toxicology will be particularly appealing to toxicologists interested in neurotoxicology in various sub-disciplines, as well as neuro-chemists interested in pathology and disease mechanisms associated with neurotoxicants.




OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 433: Acute Inhalation Toxicity: Fixed Concentration Procedure


Book Description

This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to a test chemical by inhalation. It is a principle of the method that only moderately toxic concentrations are used so that ‘evident toxicity’, rather than death/moribundity is used as an endpoint, and ...