Ordre et désordres dans l'Istanbul ottomane (1879-1909)


Book Description

Capitale de l’Empire ottoman, ville-port caractérisée par une grande diversité ethnique et confessionnelle, Istanbul est à la fi n du XIXe siècle une métropole de près d’un million d’habitants, où les enjeux liés à l’ordre public sont particulièrement sensibles. Avec les Tanzimat (réformes de l’État ottoman) et les changements économiques et sociaux du long XIXe siècle, la défi nition de l’insécurité, le dispositif de maintien de l’ordre et les formes de contestation de l’ordre établi connaissent d’importantes transformations. C’est cette nouvelle confi guration qui est ici étudiée, de la fi n des années 1870 à 1909, période marquée par le règne autoritaire d’Abdülhamid II et la révolution jeune-turque de 1908. Confronté aux défi s posés par les migrations, les contestations politiques et les nouvelles formes de sociabilité, le pouvoir fait de la préservation de l’ordre politique, social, moral et religieux une priorité absolue. L’institutionnalisation de la police et son déploiement dans la capitale ont pour corollaire une redéfi nition des priorités de l’action des forces de l’ordre et de leurs modes d’intégration dans la ville, processus qui s’inscrit dans un mouvement européen de réforme du maintien de l’ordre. L’ouvrage se concentre sur les nouvelles formes d’interactions, de coopérations ou de rivalités entre les différents acteurs de l’espace urbain : l’institution policière, principale responsable du maintien de l’ordre dans la capitale, les « agents intermédiaires » tels les bekçi (veilleurs de nuit) ou les kabadayı (sortes de caïds), et la population locale. Des déviances quotidiennes à la stigmatisation des classes populaires arméniennes, des rondes policières à la pression sociale dans les quartiers, cet ouvrage offre un éclairage nouveau sur les multiples facettes des relations entre l’État et la société à la fin de l’Empire ottoman. Il apporte aussi une contribution originale à l’historiographie de l’ordre public et du maintien de l’ordre en Europe. Historienne de l’Empire ottoman, Noémi Lévy-Aksu est docteure de l’EHESS et maître de conférences au département d’histoire de l’Université du Bosphore à Istanbul.




Ordre et désordres dans l’Istanbul ottomane


Book Description

Capitale de l’Empire ottoman, ville-port caractérisée par une grande diversité ethnique et confessionnelle, Istanbul est à la fi n du XIXe siècle une métropole de près d’un million d’habitants, où les enjeux liés à l’ordre public sont particulièrement sensibles. Avec les Tanzimat (réformes de l’État ottoman) et les changements économiques et sociaux du long XIXe siècle, la défi nition de l’insécurité, le dispositif de maintien de l’ordre et les formes de contestation de l’ordre établi connaissent d’importantes transformations. C’est cette nouvelle confi guration qui est ici étudiée, de la fi n des années 1870 à 1909, période marquée par le règne autoritaire d’Abdülhamid II et la révolution jeune-turque de 1908. Confronté aux défi s posés par les migrations, les contestations politiques et les nouvelles formes de sociabilité, le pouvoir fait de la préservation de l’ordre politique, social, moral et religieux une priorité absolue. L’institutionnalisation de la police et son déploiement dans la capitale ont pour corollaire une redéfi nition des priorités de l’action des forces de l’ordre et de leurs modes d’intégration dans la ville, processus qui s’inscrit dans un mouvement européen de réforme du maintien de l’ordre. L’ouvrage se concentre sur les nouvelles formes d’interactions, de coopérations ou de rivalités entre les différents acteurs de l’espace urbain : l’institution policière, principale responsable du maintien de l’ordre dans la capitale, les « agents intermédiaires » tels les bekçi (veilleurs de nuit) ou les kabaday? (sortes de caïds), et la population locale. Des déviances quotidiennes à la stigmatisation des classes populaires arméniennes, des rondes policières à la pression sociale dans les quartiers, cet ouvrage offre un éclairage nouveau sur les multiples facettes des relations entre l’État et la société à la fin de l’Empire ottoman. Il apporte aussi une contribution originale à l’historiographie de l’ordre public et du maintien de l’ordre en Europe.




The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire


Book Description

The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reverberated across the Middle East and Europe and ushered in a new era for the Ottoman Empire. The initial military uprising in the Balkans triggered a constitutional revolution, in which social mobilization and the political aspirations of the Young Turks played a crucial role. The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire provides a newanalysis of this process in the Balkans and the Anatolian provinces, outlining the transition from revolutionary euphoria to increasing tensions at local and central levels. Focusing on the compromises, successes and failures in the immediate aftermath of 1908, and based on new primary material and Ottoman-Turkish sources, this book represents an essential contribution to our understanding of late Ottoman and modern Turkey.




Order and Compromise: Government Practices in Turkey from the Late Ottoman Empire to the Early 21st Century


Book Description

Order and Compromise questions the historicity of government practices in Turkey from the late Ottoman Empire up to the present day. It explores how institutions at work are being framed by constant interactions with non-institutional characters from various social realms. This volume thus approaches the state-society continuum as a complex and shifting system of positions. Inasmuch as they order and ordain, state authorities leave room for compromise, something which has hitherto been little studied in concrete terms. By combining in-depth case studies with an interdisciplinary conceptual framework, this collection helps apprehend the morphology and dynamics of public action and state-society relations in Turkey. Contributors are: Marc Aymes, Olivier Bouquet, Nicolas Camelio, Nathalie Clayer, Anouck Gabriela Corte-Real Pinto, Berna Ekal, Benoît Fliche, Muriel Girard, Benjamin Gourisse, Sümbül Kaya, Noémi Lévy Aksu, Élise Massicard, Jean-François Pérouse, Clémence Scalbert Yücel, Emmanuel Szurek and Claire Visier.




Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840-1940


Book Description

In Ordinary Jerusalem, Angelos Dalachanis, Vincent Lemire and thirty-five scholars depict the ordinary history of an extraordinary global city in the late Ottoman and Mandate periods. Utilizing largely unknown archives, they revisit the holy city of three religions, which has often been defined solely as an eternal battlefield and studied exclusively through the prism of geopolitics and religion. At the core of their analysis are topics and issues developed by the European Research Council-funded project “Opening Jerusalem Archives: For a Connected History of Citadinité in the Holy City, 1840–1940.” Drawn from the French vocabulary of geography and urban sociology, the concept of citadinité describes the dynamic identity relationship a city’s inhabitants develop with each other and with their urban environment.




Street-Level Governing


Book Description

Muhtars, the lowest level elected political position in Turkey, hold an ambiguously defined place within the administrative hierarchy. They are public officials, but local citizens do not always associate them with the central government. Street-Level Governing is the first book to investigate how muhtars carry out their role—not only what they are supposed to do, but how they actually operate—to provide an ethnographic study of the state as viewed from its margins. It starts from the premise that the seeming "margin" of state administration is not peripheral at all, but instructive as to how it functions. As Elise Massicard shows, muhtars exist at the intersection of everyday life and the exercise of power. Their position offers a personalized point of contact between citizens and state institutions, enabling close oversight of the citizenry, yet simultaneously projecting the sense of an accessible state to individuals. Challenging common theories of the state, Massicard outlines how the position of the muhtar throws into question an assumed dichotomy between domination and social resistance, and suggests that considerations of circumvention and accommodation are normal attributes of state-society functioning.




Talaat Pasha


Book Description

The first English-language biography of the de facto ruler of the late Ottoman Empire and architect of the Armenian Genocide, Talaat Pasha (1874-1921) led the triumvirate that ruled the late Ottoman Empire during World War I and is arguably the father of modern Turkey. He was also the architect of the Armenian Genocide, which would result in the systematic extermination of more than a million people, and which set the stage for a century that would witness atrocities on a scale never imagined. Here is the first biography in English of the revolutionary figure who not only prepared the way for Ataturk and the founding of the republic in 1923, but who shaped the modern world as well. In this explosive book, Hans-Lukas Kieser provides a mesmerizing portrait of a man who maintained power through a potent blend of the new Turkish ethno-nationalism, the political Islam of former Sultan Abdulhamid II, and a readiness to employ radical "solutions" and violence. From Talaat's role in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 to his exile from Turkey and assassination--a sensation in Weimar Germany--Kieser restores the Ottoman drama to the heart of world events. He shows how Talaat wielded far more power than previously realized, making him the de facto ruler of the empire. He brings wartime Istanbul vividly to life as a thriving diplomatic hub, and reveals how Talaat's cataclysmic actions would reverberate across the twentieth century. In this major work of scholarship, Kieser tells the story of the brilliant and merciless politician who stood at the twilight of empire and the dawn of the age of genocide.




Ottoman Rule of Law and the Modern Political Trial


Book Description

In 1876, a recently dethroned sultan, Abdülaziz, was found dead in his cham- bers, the veins in his arm slashed. Five years later, a group of Ottoman senior officials stood a criminal trial and were found guilty for complicity in his murder. Among the defendants was the world-famous statesman former Grand Vizier and reformer Ahmed Midhat Pasa, a political foe of the autocratic sultan Abdülhamit II, who succeeded Abdülaziz and ruled the empire for thirty-three years. The alleged murder of the former sultan and the trial that ensued were political dramas that captivated audiences both domestically and internationally. The high-profile personalities involved, the international politics at stake, and the intense newspaper coverage all rendered the trial an historic event, but the question of whether the sultan was murdered or committed suicide re- mains a mystery that continues to be relevant in Turkey today. Drawing upon a wide range of narrative and archival sources, Rubin explores the famous yet understudied trial and its representations in contemporary public discourse and subsequent historiography. Through the reconstruction and analysis of various aspects of the trial, Rubin identifies the emergence of a new culture of legalism that sustained the first modern political trial in the history of the Middle East.




Becoming Ottomans


Book Description

The Ottoman-Jewish story has long been told as a romance between Jews and the empire. The prevailing view is that Ottoman Jews were protected and privileged by imperial policies and in return offered their unflagging devotion to the imperial government over many centuries. In this book, Julia Phillips Cohen offers a corrective, arguing that Jewish leaders who promoted this vision were doing so in response to a series of reforms enacted by the nineteenth-century Ottoman state: the new equality they gained came with a new set of expectations. Ottoman subjects were suddenly to become imperial citizens, to consider their neighbors as brothers and their empire as a homeland. Becoming Ottomans is the first book to tell the story of Jewish political integration into a modern Islamic empire. It begins with the process set in motion by the imperial state reforms known as the Tanzimat, which spanned the years 1839-1876 and legally emancipated the non-Muslims of the empire. Four decades later the situation was difficult to recognize. By the close of the nineteenth century, Ottoman Muslims and Jews alike regularly referred to Jews as a model community, or millet-as a group whose leaders and members knew how to serve their state and were deeply engaged in Ottoman politics. The struggles of different Jewish individuals and groups to define the public face of their communities is underscored in their responses to a series of important historical events. Charting the dramatic reversal of Jews in the empire over a half-century, Becoming Ottomans offers new perspectives for understanding Jewish encounters with modernity and citizenship in a centralizing, modernizing Islamic state in an imperial, multi-faith landscape.




Transforming Empire: The Ottomans from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean


Book Description

This book places the Ottoman Empire within the global context and provides insight into the multifaceted transimperial and transnational connections that characterized it in different periods. It focuses on the connections, interactions, exchanges, networks and flows in and around the Ottoman Empire. Contributions in the book reflect the evolving and dynamic nature of the Ottoman Empire from different angles. Contributors are Ali Atabey, Serpil Atamaz, Lee Beaudoen, Emine Evered, Kyle Evered, Richard Eaton, Ziad Fahmy, Gülsüm Gürbüz-Küçüksarı, Onur İnal, Christine Isom-Verhaaren, Myrsini Manney-Kalogera, Claudia Römer, Alexander Schweig, Gül Şen, Baki Tezcan, Fariba Zarinebaf.