The Packages


Book Description




Programming with Specifications


Book Description

Topics • what this book is about, • its intended audience, • what the reader ought to know, • how the book is organized, • acknowledgements. Specifications express information about a program that is not normally part of the program, and often cannot be expressed in a programming lan guage. In the past, the word "specification" has sometimes been used to refer to somewhat vague documentation written in English. But today it indicates a precise statement, written in a machine processable language, about the purpose and behavior of a program. Specifications are written in languages that are just as precise as programming languages, but have additional capabilities that increase their power of expression. The termi nology formal specification is sometimes used to emphasize the modern meaning. For us, all specifications are formal. The use of specifications as an integral part of a program opens up a whole new area of programming - progmmming with specifications. This book describes how to use specifications in the process of building programs, debugging them, and interfacing them with other programs. It deals with a new trend in programming - the evolution of specification languages from the current generation of programming languages. And it describes new strategies and styles of programming that utilize specifications. The trend is just beginning, and the reader, having finished this book, will viii Preface certainly see that there is much yet to be done and to be discovered about programming with specifications.







Official Report


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The Country Gentleman


Book Description




Maple and Mathematica


Book Description

In the history of mathematics there are many situations in which cal- lations were performed incorrectly for important practical applications. Let us look at some examples, the history of computing the number ? began in Egypt and Babylon about 2000 years BC, since then many mathematicians have calculated ? (e. g. , Archimedes, Ptolemy, Vi` ete, etc. ). The ?rst formula for computing decimal digits of ? was disc- ered by J. Machin (in 1706), who was the ?rst to correctly compute 100 digits of ?. Then many people used his method, e. g. , W. Shanks calculated ? with 707 digits (within 15 years), although due to mistakes only the ?rst 527 were correct. For the next examples, we can mention the history of computing the ?ne-structure constant ? (that was ?rst discovered by A. Sommerfeld), and the mathematical tables, exact - lutions, and formulas, published in many mathematical textbooks, were not veri?ed rigorously [25]. These errors could have a large e?ect on results obtained by engineers. But sometimes, the solution of such problems required such techn- ogy that was not available at that time. In modern mathematics there exist computers that can perform various mathematical operations for which humans are incapable. Therefore the computers can be used to verify the results obtained by humans, to discovery new results, to - provetheresultsthatahumancanobtainwithoutanytechnology. With respectto our example of computing?, we can mention that recently (in 2002) Y. Kanada, Y. Ushiro, H. Kuroda, and M.




Case Law and Index


Book Description




Advances in Embedded and Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging Technologies


Book Description

Examines the advantages of Embedded and FO-WLP technologies, potential application spaces, package structures available in the industry, process flows, and material challenges Embedded and fan-out wafer level packaging (FO-WLP) technologies have been developed across the industry over the past 15 years and have been in high volume manufacturing for nearly a decade. This book covers the advances that have been made in this new packaging technology and discusses the many benefits it provides to the electronic packaging industry and supply chain. It provides a compact overview of the major types of technologies offered in this field, on what is available, how it is processed, what is driving its development, and the pros and cons. Filled with contributions from some of the field's leading experts,Advances in Embedded and Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging Technologies begins with a look at the history of the technology. It then goes on to examine the biggest technology and marketing trends. Other sections are dedicated to chip-first FO-WLP, chip-last FO-WLP, embedded die packaging, materials challenges, equipment challenges, and resulting technology fusions. Discusses specific company standards and their development results Content relates to practice as well as to contemporary and future challenges in electronics system integration and packaging Advances in Embedded and Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging Technologies will appeal to microelectronic packaging engineers, managers, and decision makers working in OEMs, IDMs, IFMs, OSATs, silicon foundries, materials suppliers, equipment suppliers, and CAD tool suppliers. It is also an excellent book for professors and graduate students working in microelectronic packaging research.