Patients with subacromial pain in primary care


Book Description

Background: Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder and 40-74% of the patients attending primary healthcare with a shoulder disorder are diagnosed with subacromial pain. Subacromial pain is characterized by restricted and painful movement of the arm that leads to difficulties in performing arm-related activities and often affects the quality of life profoundly, with respect to everyday function, work capacity, sleep quality and mental health. It is crucial that the measurements used to evaluate shoulder function and treatment response have acceptable psychometric properties and also that they are patients-specific and time-efficient to administer. For patients with subacromial pain, exercises are recommended as first-line treatment but consensus about which exercises and dosage to recommend has not been reached. The lack of evidence for one specific exercise model may be partly due to heterogeneity among this group of patients. The overall aim of this thesis were to evaluate the efficacy of a previously tested exercise strategy for patients with subacromial pain in a primary care setting, to describe the heterogeneity with possible subcategories among patients with subacromial pain, and finally to validate and adjust the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire for more diagnosis-specific clinical assessment. Methods: The four papers in this thesis are based on two clinical studies, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and one clinical cohort. The participants in both studies were patients with subacromial pain attending physiotherapist (PT) in a primary care setting. Two of the papers are based on psychometric analyses, with evaluation of construct validity and responsiveness for the DASH when used to evaluate shoulder function in patients with subacromial pain, and also calculation of minimal important change (MIC) for a diagnosis-specific short version of DASH (DASH 7). A third paper describe clinical presentation in patients with subacromial pain, based on the components active range of motion (AROM), rotator cuff function and scapular kinematics and the fourth paper evaluated the efficacy of a 3-month specific exercise strategy in comparison to an active control strategy. Results: Seven items from the original DASH were identified as being the most important in evaluating patients with subacromial pain (resulting in the DASH 7 questionnaire). The DASH 7 shows good responsiveness, can discriminate between patients who perceive themselves as improved and those who do not, and maintain a high level of internal consistency for the assessment of shoulder function in patients with subacromial pain, using only a quarter of the items of the original DASH. Based on clinical presentation, patients with subacromial pain in the primary care setting comprise a heterogeneous group. Rotator cuff dysfunction, defined as pain during resisted isometric muscle-testing, is very frequently present while limitation in active range of motion and scapular dyskinesia are less common. After three months of exercise, both groups in the RCT had significantly improved with no between group difference as measured with the primary CM-score. However, as measured with the DASH and the DASH 7, the patients in the specific exercise group was significantly more improved compared to those in the active control group. Conclusions: The DASH 7 questionnaire is a short patient-reported outcome measurement (PROM) with good responsiveness, specific for patients with subacromial pain. Heterogeneity was confirmed with identified variability in AROM, rotator cuff function and scapular kinematics in clinical presentation which confirms that these components are important in the clinical examination of patients with subacromial pain. Shoulder function evaluated with the CM score did not improve to a significantly different degree between the two groups studied. The specific exercises might not be necessary for all patients in the primary care setting to achieve a clinically relevant improvement. However, the specific exercise strategy was significantly better when improvement was assessed by DASH and DASH 7, and this leads us to recommend this strategy, with its progressive loading of the rotator cuff muscles and scapula stabilizers, as first choice, provided that it is tolerated by the patient. Bakgrund: Axelsmärta är ett vanligt problem i befolkningen och bland de som söker hjälp för sin axelsmärta inom primärvården är subacromial smärta den vanligaste diagnosen. Subacromial smärta karaktäriseras av smärta vid armaktivitet, främst vid aktivitet i och över axelhöjd samt bakom ryggen. Det är vanligt att denna smärta ger störd sömn och svårighet att utföra fritidsaktiviteter och dagligt arbete vilket kan bidra till försämrad psykisk hälsa och livskvalitet. Det är viktigt att kunna mäta och utvärdera skulderfunktion samt effekt av behandling på ett tillförlitligt sätt och att de instrument som används känns relevanta för patienten samt är tids-effektiva att administrera. Träning är den behandling som i första hand rekommenderas för patienter med subacromial smärta men det saknas fortfarande tydliga riktlinjer gällande vilka övningar och vilken dosering som är den bästa. En diskuterad anledning till att det är svårt att påvisa sådana riktlinjer kan vara att patientgruppen är heterogen. Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen var att utvärdera effekten av en specifik träningsstrategi för patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård, att identifiera och beskriva variationen i klinisk presentation hos patienter med subacromial smärta samt att validera och justera självskattningsformuläret DASH för dignosspecifik bedömning. Metoder: De fyra delarbeten som ingår i den här avhandlingen baseras på två kliniska studier. Samtliga studiedeltagare var patienter med subacromial smärta som sökte vård hos fysioterapeut inom primärvården i Östergötland. I två delarbeten analyseras mätegenskaper för självskattningsformulär, gällande validitet och responsiveness (förmåga att mäta förändring över tid) hos DASH för patienter med subacromial smärta samt gällande kliniskt relevant förändring hos den diagnosspecifika kortversionen, DASH 7. Ett tredje delarbete beskriver klinisk presentation hos patienterna utifrån komponenterna aktiv rörlighet, muskelfunktion i rotatorkuff samt skulderbladets rörelsemönster och det fjärde delarbetet utvärderar effekten av en specifik träningsstrategi jämfört med en aktiv kontrollstrategi för patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård. Resultat: Sju av de ursprungliga 30 frågorna i DASH identifierades som de viktigaste för att utvärdera skulderfunktion hos patienter med subacromial smärta (vilket resulterade i ett nytt självskattningsformulär, DASH 7). DASH 7 uppvisar god responsiveness och kan skilja mellan de patienter som upplever sig förbättrade och de som inte gör det, samt bibehåller hög intern konsistens för bedömning av skulderfunktion hos patienter med subacromial smärta, med endast en fjärdedel av frågorna från DASH. Baserat på klinisk presentation, konstateras att patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård är en heterogen grupp. Störd funktion i rotatorcuffens muskulatur, definierat som smärta vid isometriska muskeltester, är vanligt förekommande medan inskränkt aktiv rörlighet och stört rörelsemönster i skulderbladet förekommer mer sällan. Efter tre månaders träning uppvisar patienterna i båda träningsgrupperna en signifikant förbättring i skulderfunktion. Gällande funktion mätt med utvärderingsinstrumentet CM ses ingen skillnad i effekt mellan träningsgrupperna. Däremot, när skulderfunktion utvärderas med DASH och DASH 7, ses att patienterna i den specifika träningsgruppen förbättrats signifikant mer jämfört med patienterna i den aktiva kontrollgruppen. Konklusioner: DASH 7 är ett kort självskattningsformulär med god förmåga att mäta förändring över tid, specifikt utformat för patienter med subacromial smärta. Heterogenitet konstateras baserat på variationen i klinisk presentation gällande de tre komponenterna: aktiv rörlighet, muskelfunktion i rotatorkuff samt skulderbladets rörelsemönster, vilket visar på att dessa komponenter är viktiga i bedömningen av patienter med subacromial smärta. Förändrad skulderfunktion, utvärderat med CM, visar ingen skillnad i effekt mellan de två träningsgrupperna som testats. Den specifika träningen verkar därmed inte behövas för alla patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård för att uppnå en kliniskt relevant förbättring. Utvärdering av skulderfunktion med DASH och DASH 7 däremot visar att patienterna i den specifika träningsgruppen blivit signifikant bättre jämfört med de i den aktiva kontrollgruppen. Baserat på dessa resultat rekommenderar vi den specifika träningsstrategin som förstahandsval vid behandling av subacromial smärta, förutsatt att patienten tolererar den belastade träningen för rotatorkuff- och skulderbladsmuskulatur.







Chronic Pain


Book Description

Patients with chronic pain present a unique set of challenges to the primary care clinician. In Chronic Pain: A Primary Care Guide to Practical Management, Second Edition, leading pain specialist Dawn A. Marcus, MD, again offers practical, clear, and succinct evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of the myriad painful conditions clinicians see in their offices every day, such as headache, back pain, arthritis, fibromyalgia, and abdominal pain. Sections addressing pain management in children, pregnant women, and seniors are also included. This new edition is designed to provide a pragmatic approach to assessing and treating the complex issues and characteristics of chronic pain patients. New chapters expand upon the evidence-based recommendations and practical office tools previously provided, with the addition of new chapters addressing risk management; pain syndromes in the shoulder, upper extremity, and lower extremity; and cancer and end-of-life pain. Chronic Pain: A Primary Care Guide to Practical Management, Second Edition provides strategies and techniques that are designed to improve the confidence with which the primary care physician can approach patients with complex pain complaints, reduce staff stress, and improve patient success.




Chronic Pain


Book Description

Patients with chronic pain present a unique set of challenges to the primary care clinician. In Chronic Pain: A Primary Care Guide to Practical Management, Second Edition, leading pain specialist Dawn A. Marcus, MD, again offers practical, clear, and succinct evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of the myriad painful conditions clinicians see in their offices every day, such as headache, back pain, arthritis, fibromyalgia, and abdominal pain. Sections addressing pain management in children, pregnant women, and seniors are also included. This new edition is designed to provide a pragmatic approach to assessing and treating the complex issues and characteristics of chronic pain patients. New chapters expand upon the evidence-based recommendations and practical office tools previously provided, with the addition of new chapters addressing risk management; pain syndromes in the shoulder, upper extremity, and lower extremity; and cancer and end-of-life pain. Chronic Pain: A Primary Care Guide to Practical Management, Second Edition provides strategies and techniques that are designed to improve the confidence with which the primary care physician can approach patients with complex pain complaints, reduce staff stress, and improve patient success.




Practical Pain Management


Book Description

Thoroughly revised to reflect contemporary diagnostics and treatment, this Third Edition is a comprehensive and practical reference on the assessment and management of acute and chronic pain. This edition features 14 new chapters and is filled with new information on invasive procedures...pharmacologic interventions...neuraxial pharmacotherapy...physical and occupational therapies...diagnostic techniques...pain in terminally ill patients...cancer pain...visceral pain...rheumatologic disorders...managed care...and medicolegal issues. Reorganized with two new sections focusing on diagnostics and cancer pain. A Brandon-Hill recommended title.




Primary Care Pain Management


Book Description

Authored by experts in pain medicine and internal medicine at the University of California, Davis, Primary Care Pain Management delivers just the right amount of clinically relevant information for primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. Addressing safe and effective pain management in the primary care setting, it follows a user-friendly, high-yield format for quick reference at the point of care, helping you understand the full range of options for treating patients with chronic and acute pain.







Chronic Pain


Book Description

Patients with chronic pain present a unique set of challenges to the primary care clinician. In Chronic Pain: A Primary Care Guide to Practical Management, leading pain specialist Dawn A. Marcus, MD, offers practical, clear, and succinct evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of the myriad of painful conditions clinicians see in their offices every day, such as headache, back pain, arthritis, fibromyalgia, and abdominal pain. Using an engaging case-based approach, the author simplifies the often complex care of patients with chronic pain by providing practical strategies for targeting important symptoms, establishing realistic treatment goals, and efficiently and effectively managing patients. Clinic-friendly instructional sheets (questionnaires, diaries, and chart documentation tools) can be copied directly from the book and used for both education and the monitoring of therapeutic compliance and response. Importantly, Dr. Marcus offers all of these practical applications in the context of the busy office practice. The author also presents invaluable guidelines for prescribing medications and nonmedicative therapies, and provides descriptions, illustrations, and diagnostic criteria to help identify specific, commonly occurring syndromes that produce chronic pain. Additional features include sections on opioid therapy and on chronic pain in special patient groups such as children and adolescents, pregnant women, and geriatrics. Also included is a value-added compact disk containing a companion ebook version of the book for downloading and use in the reader's computer or PDA, and continuing medical education (CME) questions that provide the opportunity to acquire 5 AMA/PRA category 1 CME credits from the American Society of Contemporary Medicine and Surgery. Comprehensive and case-oriented, Chronic Pain: A Primary Care Guide to Practical Management offers busy health care providers a practice-friendly approach to assessing and managing the often complex and time-consuming problems of chronic pain.




A Case-Based Approach to Shoulder Pain


Book Description

Shoulder pain is one of the most common reasons for patient visits to orthopedic, physiatrist, primary care and sports medicine offices. Most books that cover this topic review it as a chapter within a larger book on orthopedics as a whole, or they focus on one specific aspect of shoulder pathology, such as osteoarthritis. This practical text is an evidence-based, user-friendly review of the literature for the breadth of shoulder pathologies that present to the busy practitioner. Opening with a review of the relevant anatomy, subsequent chapters discuss injuries to the rotator cuff, biceps tendonitis, labral tears, adhesive capsulitis, and osteoarthritis. Additional chapters cover shoulder pain in the pediatric patient, sports trauma and fractures, and medical causes of shoulder pain. And while reviewing pathology and its diagnosis and treatment is important, proceeding through real case studies is extremely valuable in bringing the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder pathologies to life, hence an engaging section of clinical case material rounds out the presentation. Taken together, A Case-Based Approach to Shoulder Pain will be an ideal resource for musculoskeletal medicine practitioners of all types.




The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States


Book Description

This study measures the incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions and projects trends, presenting the latest national data illuminating the physical and economic costs. Several professional organizations concerned with musculoskeletal health and the mission of the U.S. Bone and Joint Decade collaborated to tabulate the data, to educate health care professionals, policy makers and the public.--Publisher's description.