Preliminary Atlas of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 Percent Precipitation Intensities for Eurasia


Book Description

Using preliminary statistical relationships between precipitation intensities averaged over 1-min durations and commonly available monthly climatological tabulations of precipitation, rainfall rates for 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 percent exceedances were computed for weather stations over Europe and Asia for which monthly totals and frequency of daily precipitation were available for the months of January, April, July, and October. Isolines of intensities were drawn delineating regions of low and high rates for each precipitation frequency. These rates may be used for obtaining calculated-risk design criteria for military equipment and for the evaluation of the probability of operational problems when the intensity of precipitation equalled or exceeded with various low probabilities may be critical. (Author).




Synopsis of Background Material for MIL-STD-210B, Climatic Extremes for Military Equipment


Book Description

The Design Climatology Branch of the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories had the scientific responsibility for leading a DoD Task Group effort to revise MIL-STD-210A 'Climatic Extremes for Military Equipment'. This document represents the fruition of the goals of the task group. It relates the background studies supporting the values in MIL-STD-210B, so that MIL-STD-210B users need to consult only this single document for an elaboration on the MIL- STD-210B extremes. In addition, the report contains information on the origin, necessity for and the events leading to a revision of MIL-STD-210A. Discussions of the major changes in the Standard's philosophy and its contents are also provided.







Extremes of Hydrometeors at Altitude for MIL-STD-210B


Book Description

In the basic report for this supplement, estimates were provided for extreme rainfall intensities and associated liquid water content at altitude with 0.1 and 0.5 percent probabilities in the most severe month in the rainy tropics. Analagous values were also included for two all-time record rain storms: one for 1 min, and the other lasting 42 min. In this brief supplement, drop-size distributions are developed for the 1-min record, and the 0.1 and 0.5 percent 'Worst Month Tropics' from a theoretical expression that best fits the available empirical size distributions. Liquid water content obtained from an integral of this theoretical expression is compared to the liquid water content obtained by arithmetically adding the volumes of each drop for three drop-size distributions.




Proceedings


Book Description

Comprised of the proceedings of the institute's annual meeting (called variously Technical or National Meeting)




Model Vertical Profiles of Extreme Rainfall Rate, Liquid Water Content, and Drop-size Distribution


Book Description

This report provides a new model of hydrometeors and associated cloud-water content from the surface to 20 km. The model profiles at altitude were developed based on five surface rainfall rates: 36, 84, 168, 432, and 1872 mm/hr. The first three rates correspond to a frequency of occurrence of 0.5 percent, 0.1 percent, and 0.01 percent of the time during the worst month in the most severe area of the world for intense rainfall. The last two are the 42- and 1-min world record rainfalls. The surface rainfall rates were extrapolated aloft using results from previous studies. A large sample of drop-size distributions from intense rainfall collected during reconnaisance of Atlantic hurricanes/ tropical storms was analyzed. The data set was normalized and fit by a gamma distribution. This was used to specify the drop-size distributions and liquid water content for rainfall rates specifies at the surface and aloft. Concurrent cloud-water content was estimated. Results are presented at 2-km intervals.







The Regional Impacts of Climate Change


Book Description

Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.




The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models


Book Description

This book presents descriptions of numerical models for testing cumulus in cloud fields. It is divided into six parts. Part I provides an overview of the problem, including descriptions of cumulus clouds and the effects of ensembles of cumulus clouds on mass, momentum, and vorticity distributions. A review of closure assumptions is also provided. A review of "classical" convection schemes in widespread use is provided in Part II. The special problems associated with the representation of convection in mesoscale models are discussed in Part III, along with descriptions of some of the commonly used mesoscale schemes. Part IV covers some of the problems associated with the representation of convection in climate models, while the parameterization of slantwise convection is the subject of Part V.




Global Trends 2040


Book Description

"The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.