Recent Progress in the Study and Therapy of Brain Edema


Book Description

This issue contains the proceedings of the most recent Inter national Symposium on Brain Edema, the 5th in a series of confer ences starting 1965 in Vienna. The ever since increasing interest in this field may not only result from the fact that - in clinical terms - the problem is not solved yet, but also from the many fascinating physiological and biochemical questions remaining. Moreover, the rapid progress of technical, physiological and bio chemical developments provides a permanent challenge to probe the subject with better and better resolution. The current proceedings provide many examples. It is safe to assume, that the history of brain edema research is familiar to most of its participants. Therefore, suffice it to remark that since the first histopathological recognition of brain edema as a separate entity among the multitude of intracranial space occupying lesions, progress in the understanding of its pathogenesis has not been straightforward. On the contrary, it has been complicated by confusing notions and concepts, some of which may have resulted from the elusiveness of the edematous changes in early histological studies, due to the inadequacy of the light microscope. Although brain edema occurs concomitantly in many pgtho10gica1 conditions of the brain, it has been suggested that its role is collateral only. Nevertheless, the potential of brain edema as a space occupying lesion is not trivial, since it raises intracranial pressure and eventually may result in lethal cerebral herniation.




Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury


Book Description

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme




Aquaporins


Book Description

The aquaporin field has matured at an exceptionally fast pace and we are at the verge to develop serious strategies to therapeutically modulate aquaporin function directly or via regulatory networks. Key prerequisites are available today: i. a considerable (and growing) number of aquaporin crystal structures for the rational design of inhibitory molecules, ii. elaborate molecular dynamics simulation techniques for theoretical analyses of selectivity mechanisms and docking experiments, iii. comprehensive data on aquaporin immunohistochemistry, iv. aquaporin knockout animals for physiological studies, and v. assay systems for compound library screenings. The structure of this volume on aquaporins follows the points laid out above and thus covers the developments from basic research to potential pharmacological use. Situated between pharmacology textbooks and recent scientific papers this book provides a timely overview for readers from the fundamental as well as the applied disciplines.




Brain Edema


Book Description

The first International Symposium on Brain Edema was organized by Dr. Klatzo and Dr. Seitelberger and held in Vienna in 1965. The second Symposium was held in Mainz in 1972 and organized by Dr. H.J. Reulen and Dr. K. Schiirmann, the third in Montreal in 1976 by Dr. H.M. Pap pius, the fourth in Berlin in 1979 by Dr. J. Cervos-Navarro, and the fifth in Groningen in 1982 by Dr. K.G. Go. This volume contains the papers presented at the 6th International Sym posium on Brain Edema, held in Tokyo, Japan, November 7-10, 1984. The invited lectures by Dr. I. Klatzo, Dr. A. Hirano, Dr. S.I. Rapoport, Dr. B.K. Siesj6, Dr. H.M. Pappi us, Dr. K.A. Hossmann, and Dr. D.M. Long are included as special chapters. On behalf of the organizing committee, I wish to express my deep ap preciation to all the participants for their contribution toward making this meeting so fruitful and significant. Moreover, the great success of this Sym posium depended on the high quality of the invited lectures and presen tations by experts in various fields, as well as on the free and enthusiastic discussion. I was deeply impressed with the papers presented by all the authors, who endeavored to elucidate their subjects. The editors have made only minor corrections and rearrangements, since prompt publi cation was considered to be important.




Treatment of Cerebral Infarction


Book Description

It is a great honor and pleasure for cerebral infarction have been carried me to have Springer-Verlag publish out. Dr. Yoshimoto hoped that the this volume entitled "Treatment of results of research done in our depart Cerebral Infarction". I am much in ment over the last sixteen years con debted to my colleagues for my success cerning cerebral infarction could be in publishing this book. published. Moved by his enthusiasm, I have engaged in clinical work in my colleagues took their share in writ the field of neurosurgery for these few ing each article. I suggested to them decades and I have performed more that this volume should cover primarily than 5,000 major operations of intra the results of our own research, but that cranial surgery. Throughout this time, at the same time it should also include it has been my privilege to conduct a 2- the results of related work done by neurosurgical experts throughout the hour-morning research seminar in our department every Wednesday and to world. Therefore, I hope that this book supervise a great deal of research. At will interest many investigators who these seminars my fellow research have devoted themselves to research in workers and I have exchanged many the field of neuroscience. ideas about the study of neurosurgery My colleagues acknowledge that and we have designed many animal our research has been stimulated and experiments.







Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery


Book Description

As an addition to the European postgraduate training system for young neurosurgeons we began to publish in 1974 this series of Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery which was later sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. This series was first discussed in 1972 at a combined meeting of the Italian and German Neurosurgical Societies in Taormina, the founding fathers of the series being Jean Brihaye, Bernard Pertuiset, Fritz Loew and Hugo KrayenbtihI. Thus were established the principles of European co operation which have been born from the European spirit, flourished in the European Association, and have throughout been associated with this series. The fact that the English language is well on the way to becoming the international medium at European scientific conferences is a great asset in terms of mutual understanding. Therefore we have decided to publish all contributions in English, regardless of the native language of the authors. All contributions are submitted to the entire editorial board before publi cation of any volume. Our series is not intended to compete with the publications of original scientific papers in other neurosurgical journals. Our intention is, rather, to present fields of neurosurgery and related areas in which important recent advances have been made. The contributions are written by specialists in the given fields and constitute the first part of each volume.




Magnesium in the Central Nervous System


Book Description

The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.




Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage


Book Description

A distinction between primary and secondary brain damage of vari ous origin, particularly in acute lesions, such as head injury and ische mia is not entirely new. The concept is of practical significance, be cause it is the foremost intention of all clinical efforts to prevent, or at least attenuate the development of secondary sequelae. Primary dam age to nervous elements usually cannot be influenced by treatment. Its prevention is the objective of prophylactic measures. The current volume gathered prominent scientists and clinicians from various fields to pro vide a competent introduction and survey of the various aspects involved in secondary brain damage. It was attempted to provide criteria for the distinction between the primary and secondary phenomena on a morpho logical and functional level, on the basis of the kinetics involved and, most importantly, regarding the different specific manifestations, such as disturbances of microcirculation, aspects of the blood-brain barrier, and of cellular structure and function at a molecular level. Although it was not expected that a grand unifying hypothesis will be reached recon cilable with the many, occasionally opposing views on such a complex subject, nevertheless, the present volume attains an appropriate result. It can best be described as a mosaic of many different pieces which only as an ensemble reflect the current state of the art.




Implications of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Manipulation


Book Description

Understanding the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and recogniz ing its clinical relevance require a concert of scientific disciplines applied from a view point of integrative physiology rather than from only molecular or analytical approaches. It is this broad scope that is emphasized in this book. In my opinion, four original contributions define the field as it exists today. The first, a monograph by Broman,1 entitled The Permeability of the Cerebrospinal Vessels in Normal and Pathological Conditions, was the model for many subsequent clinical and 3 experimental studies on BBB pathology. Second, experiments by Davson, summarized in his book entitled Physiology of the Ocular and Cerebrospinal Fluids, indicated that passive entry of nonelectrolytes into brain from blood is governed largely by their lipid 4 solubility. This research supported the original suggestion by Gesell and Hertzman that cerebral membranes have the semipermeability properties of cell membranes. The modem era of the barrier was introduced with the 1965 paper by Crone,2 entitled "Facilitated transfer of glucose from blood to brain tissue. " This paper identified stereospecific, facilitated transport of glucose as part of a system of regulatory barrier properties at a time when only a barrier to passive diffusion had been contemplated. Finally, the 1967 paper by Reese and Kamovsky, 11 entitled "Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase," sited the barrier at the continuous layer of cerebrovascular endothelial cells, which are connected by tight junctions.