The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines


Book Description

This landmark joint publication between the National Air and Space Museum and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics chronicles the evolution of the small gas turbine engine through its comprehensive study of a major aerospace industry. Drawing on in-depth interviews with pioneers, current project engineers, and company managers, engineering papers published by the manufacturers, and the tremendous document and artifact collections at the National Air and Space Museum, the book captures and memorializes small engine development from its earliest stage. Leyes and Fleming leap back nearly 50 years for a first look at small gas turbine engine development and the seven major corporations that dared to produce, market, and distribute the products that contributed to major improvements and uses of a wide spectrum of aircraft. In non-technical language, the book illustrates the broad-reaching influence of small turbinesfrom commercial and executive aircraft to helicopters and missiles deployed in recent military engagements. Detailed corporate histories and photographs paint a clear historical picture of turbine development up to the present. See for yourself why The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines is the most definitive reference book in its field. The publication of The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines represents an important milestone for the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). For the first time, there is an authoritative study of small gas turbine engines, arguably one of the most significant spheres of aeronautical technology in the second half o




Small Gas Turbine Engine Component Technology - Turbine. Volume Ii. Phase Ii Summary Report


Book Description

The report describes the aerodynamic, thermal, and mechanical design and analysis, fabrication, and experimental evaluation of a transpiration cooled, single stage axial-flow turbine component capable of operation at 2500F average inlet temperature. Phase II report gives the details of manufacture and results of test evaluations. One hundred hours of complete stage testing were accomplished with 2 hours at 2500F. The cascade rig was tested for 87 hours which included 1.2 hours at 2650F. All blading was in excellent condition after the tests and confirmed the efficacy of the thermal design and transpiration cooling as applied to small size blading. A work of 133 Btu per pound was achieved at a low level of efficiency, attributable to stator profile shape and low aspect ratio. One hundred thirty-seven hours of combustor testing at an average exit temperature of 2500F was accomplished with operating characteristics consistent with the turbine requirements. It was concluded that the advanced technology incorporated in the turbine design relative to blade cooling and turbine mechanical integrity are practical and can be applied to the design of advanced small gas turbine. (Author).




Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research


Book Description

The primary human activities that release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere are the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) to generate electricity, the provision of energy for transportation, and as a consequence of some industrial processes. Although aviation CO2 emissions only make up approximately 2.0 to 2.5 percent of total global annual CO2 emissions, research to reduce CO2 emissions is urgent because (1) such reductions may be legislated even as commercial air travel grows, (2) because it takes new technology a long time to propagate into and through the aviation fleet, and (3) because of the ongoing impact of global CO2 emissions. Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research develops a national research agenda for reducing CO2 emissions from commercial aviation. This report focuses on propulsion and energy technologies for reducing carbon emissions from large, commercial aircraftâ€" single-aisle and twin-aisle aircraft that carry 100 or more passengersâ€"because such aircraft account for more than 90 percent of global emissions from commercial aircraft. Moreover, while smaller aircraft also emit CO2, they make only a minor contribution to global emissions, and many technologies that reduce CO2 emissions for large aircraft also apply to smaller aircraft. As commercial aviation continues to grow in terms of revenue-passenger miles and cargo ton miles, CO2 emissions are expected to increase. To reduce the contribution of aviation to climate change, it is essential to improve the effectiveness of ongoing efforts to reduce emissions and initiate research into new approaches.




Small Gas Turbine Engine Component Technology Regenerator Development. Phase I, Preliminary Component Testing and Regenerator Design


Book Description

This report describes the work accomplished during the 12-month Phase I portion of a 32-month program for the advancement of toroidal rotary regenerator technology for small gas turbine engines. The regenerator component work included analytical and experimental evaluation of candidate heat transfer surfaces where previous data did not exist; experimental determination of matrix airflow distribution and corrective measures; and refinement of seal system components, including all-metal inner diameter seals. The optimum matrix and seal configurations determined from these component tests were evaluated in an existing regenerator which was run at conditions simulating small gas turbine operation. As a result of these component investigations, major improvements in regenerator technology were made and were incorporated into the design of a flight-weight high-effectiveness toroidal rotary regenerator designed during Phase I. (Author).




Small Gas Turbine Engine Component Technology


Book Description

The report describes research conducted on two new material systems (macrolaminate metal-ceramic composites and dispersion-strengthened nickel base alloys) to determine their potential for future use, without special cooling, in the turbine section of an advanced small gas turbine engine, operating at a turbine inlet temperature of 2300F. Although the research showed that the targeted high-temperature material properties could not be achieved with the macrolaminate composites or the dispersion-strengthened alloys, it was felt that these types of materials could be developed to increase turbine inlet temperatures to about 2100F. However, it was recognized that this gain would not be sufficient in view of improvements being made with other new material systems. (Author).




Small Gas Turbine Engine Technology


Book Description

Performance of small gas turbine engines in the 250 to 1000 hp size range is significantly lower than that of large engines. Engines of this size are typically used in rotorcraft, commutercraft, general aviation, and cruise missile applications. Principal reasons for lower efficiencies of smaller engines are well known: Component efficiencies are lower by as much as 8 to 10 percentage points because of size effects. Small engines are designed for lower cycle pressures and temperatures because of smaller blading and cooling limitations. The highly developed analytical and manufacturing techniques evolved for large engines are not directly transferrable to small engines. Thus, it has been recognized that a focused effort addressing technologies for small engines was needed and could significantly impact their performance. Recently, in-house and contract studies were undertaken to identify advanced engine cycle and component requirements for substantial performance improvement of small gas turbines for projected year 2000 applications. This paper presents results of both in-house research and contract studies, conducted with Allison, AVCO lycoming, Garrett, Teledyne CAE, and Williams International Rotorcraft results are emphasized. Projected fuel savings of 22-42% could be attained. Accompanying direct operating cost reductions of 11-17%, depending on fuel cost, were also estimated. High payoff technologies are identified for all engine applications, and recent results of experimental research to evolve the high payoff technologies are described.




Small Gas Turbine Engine Component Technology Regenerator Development. Phase Ii, Full Scale Regenerator Fabrication and Engine-regenerator Testing


Book Description

This report describes the work accomplished during the 20-month Phase II portion of a 32-month program devoted to the advancement of toroidal rotary regenerator technology for small gas turbine engines. As a result of component investigations conducted in Phase I, major improvements in regenerator technology were made and were incorporated into the design of a flightweight high-effectiveness toroidal rotary regenerator which was fabricated and performance tested on a PT6 (T74) engine. The work described herein includes experimental determination of regenerator duct flow distribution; experimental evaluation of regenerator mass losses, system pressure losses, and overall performance in an ideal test loop, and finally the results of performance testing on the PT6 (t74) engine conducted by the subcontractor, United Aircraft of Canada, Ltd.




Advanced Technologies for Gas Turbines


Book Description

Leadership in gas turbine technologies is of continuing importance as the value of gas turbine production is projected to grow substantially by 2030 and beyond. Power generation, aviation, and the oil and gas industries rely on advanced technologies for gas turbines. Market trends including world demographics, energy security and resilience, decarbonization, and customer profiles are rapidly changing and influencing the future of these industries and gas turbine technologies. Technology trends that define the technological environment in which gas turbine research and development will take place are also changing - including inexpensive, large scale computational capabilities, highly autonomous systems, additive manufacturing, and cybersecurity. It is important to evaluate how these changes influence the gas turbine industry and how to manage these changes moving forward. Advanced Technologies for Gas Turbines identifies high-priority opportunities for improving and creating advanced technologies that can be introduced into the design and manufacture of gas turbines to enhance their performance. The goals of this report are to assess the 2030 gas turbine global landscape via analysis of global leadership, market trends, and technology trends that impact gas turbine applications, develop a prioritization process, define high-priority research goals, identify high-priority research areas and topics to achieve the specified goals, and direct future research. Findings and recommendations from this report are important in guiding research within the gas turbine industry and advancing electrical power generation, commercial and military aviation, and oil and gas production.