Sodium Hydroxide via Diaphragm Process - Cost Analysis - Sodium Hydroxide E12A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Sodium Hydroxide production from brine. The process examined is a typical diaphragm process. In this process, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine) is decomposed electrolytically in a diaphragm cell, producing Sodium Hydroxide and chlorine. The Sodium Hydroxide product obtained is a 50 wt% aqueous solution. Hydrogen is also generated as by-products in the process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Chlorine", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition (2) EP Patent 1427871, issued to Industrie De Nora in 2011 Keywords: Chlor-Alkali, Caustic Soda, NaOH




Sodium Hydroxide via Membrane Process - Cost Analysis - Sodium Hydroxide E11A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Sodium Hydroxide production from sodium chloride. The process examined is a typical membrane process. In this process, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine) is decomposed electrolytically in a membrane cell, producing Sodium Hydroxide and chlorine. The Sodium Hydroxide product obtained is a 50 wt% aqueous solution. Hydrogen is also generated as by-products in the process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology, 2005 (2) "Chlorine," Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Chlor-Alkali, Caustic Soda, NaOH




Sodium Hydroxide Flakes Production - Cost Analysis - Sodium Hydroxide E31A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of caustic soda flakes production from a caustic soda solution (50 wt%). In this process, caustic soda is concentrated to about 99 wt% in a specially designed evaporator and the resulting melt is fed by gravity to a flaking machine, where it is cooled and processed into flakes. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Sodium Hydroxide", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Chlor-Alkali, Caustic Soda, NaOH, Caustic Flakes




Sodium Hydroxide via Mercury Process - Cost Analysis - Sodium Hydroxide E13B


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Sodium Hydroxide production from brine. The process examined is a typical mercury cell process. In this process, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine) is decomposed electrolytically in a mercury cell, producing Sodium Hydroxide and chlorine. The Sodium Hydroxide product obtained is a 50 wt% aqueous solution. Hydrogen is also generated as by-products in the process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Chlorine", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Chlor-Alkali, Caustic Soda, NaOH




Sodium Hydroxide via Lime-Soda Process - Cost Analysis - Sodium Hydroxide E21A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Sodium Hydroxide production from lime and sodium carbonate. The process examined is a conventional lime-soda process. In this process, calcium hydroxide is generated by treating lime (calcium oxide) with water. Then, calcium hydroxide reacts with soda ash (sodium carbonate) forming sodium hydroxide and Calcium Carbonate. Precipitated calcium carbonate, in solid form, and Sodium Hydroxide solution (50 wt%) are obtained as final products. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Hou, T.P., "Manufacture of Soda: With Special Reference to the Ammonia Process", 1942 Keywords: Hydrated Lime, Slaked Lime, Slake, Calcium Oxide, Lime-Soda Process




Chlorine Production from Sodium Chloride - Cost Analysis - Chlorine E12A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Chlorine production from sodium chloride. The process examined is a typical diaphragm process. In this process, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine) is decomposed electrolytically in a diaphragm cell, producing Chlorine. Caustic soda (50 wt%) and hydrogen are also generated as products. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Chlorine", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition (2) EP Patent 1427871, issued to Industrie De Nora in 2011 Keywords: Chlor-Alkali, Caustic Soda, NaOH




The Gastrointestinal System


Book Description

Gastrointestinal (GI) physiology is a fundamental subject that is indispensable not only for undergraduate but also for graduate courses. The audience include, but are not limited to, medical, pharmacy, nursing, human biology, Chinese medicine, and science students, as well as other health-related subject students. The overall objectives of this textbook are to present basic concepts and principles of GI physiology and, more importantly, to convey an understanding of how to apply this knowledge to abnormal GI physiology in the clinical context. As such, the basic knowledge of GI physiology and its application in the form of clinical case studies should be grasped, which are critical for professional examinations and bedside, as well as for general practice in the future. In this handbook, we aim to achieve these elements by covering the breadth of GI, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and nutritional physiology. Moreover, we include relevant scenario-based clinical case in each chapter so as to evaluate whether the students can apply the basic GI they learn to the clinical setting.




Community Pharmacy


Book Description

Now in its fourth edition, this best-selling book is fully updated to address the ever increasing demands on healthcare professionals to deliver high-quality patient care. A multitude of factors impinge on healthcare delivery today, including an ageing population, more sophisticated medicines, high patient expectation and changing health service infrastructure. Time demands on primary care doctors have caused other models of service delivery to be adopted across the world, leading to ongoing changes in the traditional boundaries of care between doctors, nurses, and pharmacists. Certain medical tasks are now being performed by nurses and pharmacists, for example prescribing. Healthcare policies to encourage patients to manage their own health have led to more medicines becoming available over the counter, allowing community pharmacists to manage and treat a wide range of conditions. Further deregulation of medicines to treat acute illness from different therapeutic areas seems likely. Government policy now encourages chronic disease management as a self-care activity, and could well be the largest area for future growth of reclassification of medicines. Pharmacists, now more than ever before, need to be able to recognise the signs and symptoms, and use an evidence-based approach to treatment. Community Pharmacy is intended for all non-medical prescribers but especially for pharmacists, from undergraduate students to experienced practitioners. Key features - Guidance for arriving at a differential diagnosis - Practical prescribing tips - Trigger points for referral boxes - Other hints and tips boxes - Specific questions to ask boxes - Case studies - Self-assessment questions Consistent approach gives: - Anatomy overview - History taking and physical examination - Prevalence and epidemiology - Aetiology - Arriving at a differential diagnosis - Clinical features - Conditions to eliminate Likely causes Unlikely causes Very unlikely causes - Evidence base for OTC medicine - Practical prescribing and product selection - More on the examination of eyes, ears and mouth - New sections on future-proofing (vaccinations etc.) - New material covering inter-professional education for clinical skills. Now with a free accompanying e-book on StudentConsult which also gives additional material on: - evidence-based medicine - videos on physical examination - additional written case studies - more multiple-choice questions




Calculations in Furnace Technology


Book Description

Calculations in Furnace Technology presents the theoretical and practical aspects of furnace technology. This book provides information pertinent to the development, application, and efficiency of furnace technology. Organized into eight chapters, this book begins with an overview of the exothermic reactions that occur when carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur are burned to release the energy available in the fuel. This text then evaluates the efficiencies to measure the quantity of fuel used, of flue gases leaving the plant, of air entering, and the heat lost to the surroundings. Other chapters consider that it is important to determine the amount of carbon discharged with the ashes, the quantity and composition of any tar produced, so that a carbon balance can be applied. The final chapter describes the various reactions within the furnace atmosphere and between charges and atmosphere. This book is a valuable resource for fuel technologists, heating and ventilating engineers, and plant operators.




Uranium Ore Deposits


Book Description

An important prerequisite to the long-term use of nuclear energy is information on uranium ore deposits from which uranium can be economically exploited. Hence the basic purpose of this book is to present an overview of uranium geology, data characteristic for uranium deposits, and a synthesis of these data in the form of a typological classification of uranium deposits supported by more detailed descriptions of selected uranium districts and deposits. An additional goal is to provide access for the interested reader to the voluminous literature on uranium geology. Therefore a register of bibliography as global as possible, extending beyond the immediate need for this book, is provided. The volume presented here was not originally designed as a product for its own sake. It evolved as a by-product during decades of active uranium exploration and was compiled thanks to a request by the Springer Publishing Company. Routine research work on identifying characteristic features and recognition criteria of uranium deposits, combined with associated modeling of types of deposits for reapplication in exploration, provided the data bank. The publisher originally asked for a book on uranium deposits structured as a combined text- and reference book. The efforts to condense all the text into a single publication were soon doomed. The material grew out of all feasible proportions for a book of acceptable size and price, a wealth of data on uranium geology and related geosciences having become available during the past decade, too vast for one volume.