Spectral Computed Tomography


Book Description

Computed tomography (CT) is a widely used x-ray scanning technique. In its prominent use as a medical imaging device, CT serves as a workhorse in many clinical settings throughout the world. It provides answers to urgent diagnostic tasks such as oncology tumor staging, acute stroke analysis, or radiation therapy planning. Spectral Computed Tomography provides a concise, practical coverage of this important medical tool. The first chapter considers the main clinical motivations for spectral CT applications. In Chapter 2, the measurement properties of spectral CT systems are described. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the current state of research on spectral CT algorithms. Based on this overview, the technical realization of spectral CT systems is evaluated in Chapter 4. Device approaches such as DSCT, kV switching, and energy-resolving detectors are compared. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes various algorithms for spectral CT reconstructions and spectral CT image postprocessing, and links these algorithms to clinical use cases




Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography


Book Description

Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography is a comprehensive cover of the latest developments in the most prevalent imaging modality (x-ray computed tomography (CT)) in its latest incarnation: Spectral, Dual-Energy, and Photon Counting CT. Disadvantages of the conventional single-energy technique used by CT technology are that different materials cannot be distinguished and that the noise is larger. To address these problems, a novel spectral CT concept has been proposed. Spectral Dual-Energy CT (DE-CT) acquires two sets of spectral data, and Spectral Photon Counting CT (PC-CT) detects energy of x-ray photons to reveal additional material information of objects by using novel energy-sensitive, photon-counting detectors. The K-edge imaging may be a gateway for functional or molecular CT. The book covers detectors and electronics, image reconstruction methods, image quality assessments, a simulation tool, nanoparticle contrast agents, and clinical applications for spectral CT.




Spectral Imaging


Book Description

This book, edited by leading experts in radiology, offers a state-of-the-art overview of the specifics and the added value of dual-energy, multi-energy, and spectral computed tomography (CT). Latest advances and upcoming innovations such as photon-counting detector CT are covered by renown experts in the field. The entire spectrum of clinical applications of dual-energy and spectral CT throughout the body is covered. Book chapters are written by expert authors with a background in physics and radiology and are richly illustrated with high quality figures, graphical illustrations, and tables. The first section covers background issues and the most relevant technical aspects of the technique, including a detailed description of the approaches to dual-energy, spectral and photon-counting CT by different vendors of CT scanners. The second part focusses on the use of dual-energy, spectral and photon-counting CT in daily clinical practice, and individual chapters are devoted to imaging of the brain, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, abdominal organs, skeletal system, and the chest. The focus of the book ensures that it will be of interest for a multidisciplinary forum of readers comprising radiologists, medical physicists, and other medical professionals and scientists being interested in cutting-edge CT imaging.




Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography


Book Description

Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography is a comprehensive cover of the latest developments in the most prevalent imaging modality (x-ray computed tomography (CT)) in its latest incarnation: Spectral, Dual-Energy, and Photon Counting CT. Disadvantages of the conventional single-energy technique used by CT technology are that different materials cannot be distinguished and that the noise is larger. To address these problems, a novel spectral CT concept has been proposed. Spectral Dual-Energy CT (DE-CT) acquires two sets of spectral data, and Spectral Photon Counting CT (PC-CT) detects energy of x-ray photons to reveal additional material information of objects by using novel energy-sensitive, photon-counting detectors. The K-edge imaging may be a gateway for functional or molecular CT. The book covers detectors and electronics, image reconstruction methods, image quality assessments, a simulation tool, nanoparticle contrast agents, and clinical applications for spectral CT.




Medical Imaging Systems


Book Description

This open access book gives a complete and comprehensive introduction to the fields of medical imaging systems, as designed for a broad range of applications. The authors of the book first explain the foundations of system theory and image processing, before highlighting several modalities in a dedicated chapter. The initial focus is on modalities that are closely related to traditional camera systems such as endoscopy and microscopy. This is followed by more complex image formation processes: magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray projection imaging, computed tomography, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography.




Computed Tomography


Book Description

This book offers a comprehensive and topical depiction of advances in CT imaging. CT has become a leading medical imaging modality, thanks to its superb spatial and temporal resolution to depict anatomical details. New advances have further extended the technology to provide physiological information, enabling a wide and expanding range of clinical applications. The text covers the latest advancements in CT technology and clinical applications for a variety of CT types and imaging methods. The content is presented in seven parts to offer a structure across a board coverage of CT: CT Systems, CT Performance, CT Practice, Spectral CT, Quantitative CT, Functional CT, and Special Purpose CT. Each contain chapters written by leading experts in the field, covering CT hardware and software innovations, CT operation, CT performance characterization, functional and quantitative applications, and CT systems devised for specific anatomical applications. This book is an ideal resource for practitioners of CT applications in medicine, including physicians, trainees, engineers, and scientists.




Radiomics and Radiogenomics


Book Description

Radiomics and Radiogenomics: Technical Basis and Clinical Applications provides a first summary of the overlapping fields of radiomics and radiogenomics, showcasing how they are being used to evaluate disease characteristics and correlate with treatment response and patient prognosis. It explains the fundamental principles, technical bases, and clinical applications with a focus on oncology. The book’s expert authors present computational approaches for extracting imaging features that help to detect and characterize disease tissues for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of therapy response. This book is intended for audiences including imaging scientists, medical physicists, as well as medical professionals and specialists such as diagnostic radiologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists. Features Provides a first complete overview of the technical underpinnings and clinical applications of radiomics and radiogenomics Shows how they are improving diagnostic and prognostic decisions with greater efficacy Discusses the image informatics, quantitative imaging, feature extraction, predictive modeling, software tools, and other key areas Covers applications in oncology and beyond, covering all major disease sites in separate chapters Includes an introduction to basic principles and discussion of emerging research directions with a roadmap to clinical translation




Multislice CT


Book Description

The fourth edition of this well-received book offers a comprehensive update on recent developments and trends in the clinical and scientific applications of multislice computed tomography. Following an initial section on the most significant current technical aspects and issues, detailed information is provided on a comprehensive range of diagnostic applications. Imaging of the head and neck, the cardiovascular system, the abdomen, and the lungs is covered in depth, describing the application of multislice CT in a variety of tumors and other pathologies. Emerging fields such as pediatric imaging and CT-guided interventions are fully addressed, and emergency CT is also covered. Radiation exposure, dual-energy imaging, contrast enhancement, image postprocessing, CT perfusion imaging, and CT angiography all receive close attention. The new edition has been comprehensively revised and complemented by contributions from highly experienced and well-known authors who offer diverse perspectives, highlighting the possibilities offered by the most modern multidetector CT systems. This book will be particularly useful for general users of CT systems who wish to upgrade and enhance not only their machines but also their knowledge.




Dual Energy CT in Clinical Practice


Book Description

Dual-energy CT is a novel, rapidly emerging imaging technique which offers important new functional and specific information. In this book, physicists and specialists from different CT manufacturers provide an insight into the technological basis of, and the different approaches to, dual-energy CT. Renowned medical scientists in the field explain the pathophysiological and molecular background of the technique, discuss its applications, provide detailed advice on how to obtain optimal results, and offer hints regarding clinical interpretation. The main focus is on the use of dual-energy CT in daily clinical practice, and individual sections are devoted to imaging of the vascular system, the thorax, the abdomen, and the extremities. Evaluations and recommendations are based on personal experience and peer-reviewed literature. Plenty of carefully chosen high-quality images are included to illustrate the clinical benefits of the technique.




Spectral Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (sMDCT)


Book Description

X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been one of the most popular diagnostic imaging modalities for decades in the clinic for saving patients’ lives or improving their quality of life. This book is an introductory one-stop shop for technological and clinical topics in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). Starting with MDCT’s fundamentals in physics and mathematics, the book provides an in-depth introduction to its system architecture and imaging chain, signal detection via energy-integration and photon-counting mechanisms, clinical application-driven scan modes and protocols, analytic and iterative image reconstruction solutions, and spectral imaging – the latest technological advancement in MDCT. The book extends its coverage on image quality assessment under the theory of signal detection and statistical decision. In recognition of its clinical relevance for conspicuity enhancement in angiographic and parenchymal imaging applications, the book features a chapter dedicated to the fundamental (chemical, physical and physicochemical) properties and clinical administration of iodinated contrast agent. The book ends with an outlook of the contrast agents that are novel in material and delivery, and their synergy with spectral MDCT to elevate CT’s contrast resolution in cardiovascular, neurovascular and oncologic applications. This book will be an invaluable reference for researchers, engineers, radiological physicians and technologists, and graduate and senior undergraduate students. Features Provides an accessible introduction to the subject Up to date with the latest advances in emerging technologies and procedures Provides a historical overview of CT technology Xiangyang Tang, PhD, is an imaging scientist with extensive research and development experience in industry (GE Healthcare), academia (Emory University School of Medicine) and the clinic (Emory Healthcare). With a focus on computed tomography, Tang has been working in the field of medical imaging for more than 20 years. He is a professor of radiology and imaging sciences at Emory University School of Medicine, Fellow of SPIE (International Society for Optics and Photonics) and Fellow of AAPM (American Association of Physicists in Medicine). Along with the publication of more than 200 papers in leading scientific journals and conferences, his contributions to the scientific community include serving as associate editor for a number of prestigious journals, in addition to working on the scientific committees of leading conferences and panels for numerous federal and foundational study sections.