The Duplications


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Evolution by Gene Duplication


Book Description

It is said that "necessity is the mother of invention". To be sure, wheels and pulleys were invented out of necessity by the tenacious minds of upright citi zens. Looking at the history of mankind, however, one has to add that "Ieisure is the mother of cultural improvement". Man's creative genius flourished only when his mind, freed from the worry of daily toils, was permitted to entertain apparently useless thoughts. In the same manner, one might say with regard to evolution that "natural selection mere(y tnodifted, while redundanry created". Natural selection has been extremely effective in policing alleHe mutations which arise in already existing gene loci. Because of natural selection, organisms have been able to adapt to changing environments, and by adaptive radiation many new species were created from a common ancestral form. Y et, being an effective policeman, natural selection is extremely conservative by nature. Had evolution been entirely dependent upon natural selection, from a bacterium only numerous forms of bacteria would have emerged. The creation of metazoans, vertebrates and finally mammals from unicellular organisms would have been quite impos sible, for such big leaps in evolution required the creation of new gene loci with previously nonexistent functions. Only the cistron which became redun dant was able to escape from the relentless pressure of natural selection, and by escaping, it accumulated formerly forbidden mutations to emerge as a new gene locus.




Evolution after Gene Duplication


Book Description

Gene duplication has long been believed to have played a major role in the rise of biological novelty through evolution of new function and gene expression patterns. The first book to examine gene duplication across all levels of biological organization, Evolution after Gene Duplication presents a comprehensive picture of the mechanistic process by which gene duplication may have played a role in generating biodiversity. Key Features: Explores comparative genomics, genome evolution studies and analysis of multi-gene families such as Hox, globins, olfactory receptors and MHC (immune system) A complete post-genome treatment of the topic originally covered by Ohno's 1970 classic, this volume extends coverage to include the fate of associated regulatory pathways Taps the significant increase in multi-gene family data that has resulted from comparative genomics Comprehensive coverage that includes opposing theoretical viewpoints, comparative genomics data, theoretical and empirical evidence and the role of bioinformatics in the study of gene duplication This up-to-date overview of theory and mathematical models along with practical examples is suitable for scientists across various levels of biology as well as instructors and graduate students.




Advances in Genetics


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Advances in Genetics




SonarQube in Action


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Summary SonarQube in Action shows developers how to use the SonarQube platform to help them continuously improve their source code. The book presents SonarQube's core Seven Axes of Quality: design/architecture, duplications, comments, unit tests, complexity, potential bugs, and coding rules. You'll find simple, easy-to-follow discussion and examples as you learn to integrate SonarQube into your development process. About the Technology SonarQube is a powerful open source tool for continuous inspection, a process that makes code quality analysis and reporting an integral part of the development lifecycle. Its unique dashboards, rule-based defect analysis, and tight build integration result in improved code quality without disruption to developer workflow. It supports many languages, including Java, C, C++, C#, PHP, and JavaScript. About the Book SonarQube in Action teaches you how to effectively use SonarQube following the continuous inspection model. This practical book systematically explores SonarQube's core Seven Axes of Quality (design, duplications, comments, unit tests, complexity, potential bugs, and coding rules). With well-chosen examples, it helps you learn to use SonarQube's review functionality and IDE integration to implement continuous inspection best practices in your own quality management process. The book's Java-based examples translate easily to other development languages. No prior experience with SonarQube or continuous delivery practice is assumed Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. What's Inside Gather meaningful quality metrics Integrate with Ant, Maven, and Jenkins Write your own plugins Master the art of continuous inspection About the Authors Ann Campbellb and Patroklos Papapetrou are experienced developers and team leaders. Both actively contribute to the SonarQube community. Table of Contents PART 1 WHAT THE NUMBERS ARE TELLING YOU An introduction to SonarQube Issues and coding standards Ensuring that your code is doing things right Working with duplicate code Optimizing source code documentation Keeping your source code files elegant Improving your application design PART 2 SETTLING IN WITH SONARQUBE Planning a strategy and expanding your insight Continuous Inspection with SonarQube Letting SonarQube drive code reviews IDE integration PART 3 ADMINISTERING AND EXTENDING Security: users, groups, and roles Rule profile administration Making SonarQube fit your needs Managing your projects Writing your own plugins




Federal Register


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IAPS Textbook of Pediatric Surgery


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The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Digestive System: Part II - Lower Digestive Tract


Book Description

Lower Digestive Tract, 2nd Edition, part 2 in the 3-book Digestive System volume, covers the small bowel and colon, and provides a concise and highly visual approach from normal anatomy and physiology through pathophysiology, diagnostics and treatment. This book in The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations (the CIBA "Green Books") has been expanded and revised to capture current perspectives in gastroenterology from the basic sciences to clinical pathology. It features radiologic and pathologic images to supplement the classic Netter illustrations, as well as new illustrations. This updated classic is ideal for students and health professionals seeking an easily accessible guide to the lower digestive tract. - Gain a rich, comprehensive overview of the lower digestive tract by seeing classic Netter illustrations side by side with cutting-edge radiologic and endoscopic and laparoscopic images. - Explore key topics in gastroenterology, including genetics of colon cancer, Celiac disease, and Crohn's disease. - See modern issues in digestive health and disease captured in the visually rich Netter artistic tradition via contributions from artists working in the Netter style. - Get complete, integrated visual guidance on the small bowel and colon in a single source, from basic sciences and normal anatomy and function through pathologic conditions. - Benefit from the knowledge of a team of renowned clinicians and scientists.




Evolutionary Biology


Book Description

Evolutionary Biology, of which this is the nineteenth volume, continues to offer its readers a wide range of original articles, reviews, and com mentaries on evolution, in the broadest sense of that term. The topics of the reviews range from anthropology and behavior to molecular biology and systematics. In recent volumes, a broad spectrum of articles have appeared on such subjects as natural selection among replicating molecules in vitro, mate recognition and the reproductive behavior in Drosophila, evolution of the monocotyledons, species selection, and the communication net work made possible among even distantly related genera of bacteria by plasmids and other transposable elements. Articles such as these, often too long for standard journals, are the stuff of Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to solicit manuscripts on an international scale in an effort to see that everyone of the many facets of biological evolution is covered. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks burg, Virginia 24061; Ghillian T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vII Contents 1. Discontinuous Processes in the Evolution of the Bacterial Genome ........................................ 1 Monica Riley Introduction ............................... ,........ 1 Internal Rearrangements ............................... 2 Large-Scale Internal Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Small-Scale Rearrangements: Divergence of Duplicate Genes ......................................... 11 Interactions between Two Genomes ...................... 20 Transposons: Jumping Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . Plasmids: Incorporation into Genomic DNA. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 23 .