The Effects of Preferred Music, Nonpreferred Music, and Silence on Anxiety, Relaxation, and Muscle Tension


Book Description

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of preferred music, nonpreferred music, and silence on measures of state anxiety, relaxation, and muscle tension. Nine subjects were selected from a pool of 90 college students after passing criteria for trait anxiety and musical experience. Each of the nine subjects was tested individually for a total of three testing sessions, using one condition (preferred music, nonpreferred music, or silence) per session. Pretests-posttests of state anxiety and relaxation were administered during each condition, and muscle tension was measured using an electromyogram. Results were calculated with a repeated measures analysis of variance and Pearson product-moment correlations. A main effect was discovered between subjects in the measure of state anxiety, as well as a difference between conditions on the measure of relaxation. It was found also that state anxiety and relaxation were correlated significantly under silence. State anxiety and EMG muscle tension were related inversely under preferred music, while other EMG correlations were associated with low correlation coefficients. Lastly, a trend appeared for preferred music to induce lesser anxiety and greater relaxation than nonpreferred music.







The Effects of Progressive Relaxation and Music on Attention, Relaxation, and Stress Responses


Book Description

Stress management interventions have been shown to be effective adjuncts for the management of medical disorders, and for the prevention and management of occupational stress. Despite their usefulness, it is not completely understood how behavioral stress management techniques exert their effects. Benson (1975) proposed that all relaxation techniques elicit a general "relaxation response." Davidson and Schwartz (1976) suggested that stress management techniques have specific effects A compromise position suggests that the specific effects of relaxation techniques are superimposed upon a general relaxation response (Lehrer AND Woolfolk, 1993). The cognitive behavioral model of relaxation suggests that relaxation is achieved through hierarchical cognitive and behavioral factors (Smith, 1988), but has not been adequately evaluated experimentally (Lehrer AND Woolfolk, 1993). The present experiment examined relaxation within a framework of the cognitive-behavioral model. Sixty-seven normal volunteers were exposed to a stress manipulation and then to one of two relaxation (Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Music) or control conditions (Attention Control, Silence). Measurements of attention, relaxation, and stress responses were obtained during each phase of the experiment. All four groups exhibited similar performance on behavioral measures of attention that suggested a reduction in physiological arousal following their relaxation or control condition, as well as decreased heart rate. Progressive Relaxation resulted in the greatest effects on behavioral and self-report measures of relaxation. The Music condition resulted in the lowest biological measures of stress (i.e., heart rate and cortisol responses).










The Effect of Listening to Music on Musicians' Performance Anxiety


Book Description

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to prove that listening to music prior to a major musical performance could help reduce Musical Performance Anxiety. As a result of this study, musicians at any level, but especially collegiate, would have another coping strategy to help mitigate personal levels of nervousness and apprehension. The following research questions helped guide the process of this study: (1) Does listening to music prior to a jury performance reduce musical performance anxiety? (2) Do those individuals in the music condition perform better than expected on jury performances? (3) Does listening to music prior to an end of the quarter performance examination affect adjudicator's perceptions of performer anxiety levels? Other objectives and secondary research questions are as follows: (4) How do collegiate musicians rank in terms of levels of state and trait anxiety compared to the average person as reported by Charles Spielberger in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory? (5) What did those participants in the music condition of this study choose to listen to prior to their performance? Students were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAID-B) to assess and compare general anxiety levels versus those documented immediately prior to end-of-the-quarter musical performances known as juries. Participants were divided into two groups: (1) Music condition where students listened to music prior to their juries and (2) Control condition where the students prepared for their jury like they normally would. It was found that students that listened to music prior to juries had a lower state anxiety than those that did not listen to music. Given that the hypothesis margin of error was p is less than or equal to 0.05 a statistical significant relationship was indeed found. It can be deduced that listening to music prior to a major musical performance such as a jury can reduce levels of musical performance anxiety.




The Effect of Music Therapy Relaxation Techniques on the Stress and Anxiety Levels of Music and Music Therapy Students and Music and Music Therapy Professionals


Book Description

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of music therapy relaxation techniques on stress and anxiety levels of music and music therapy students and music and music therapy professionals. Subjects (N=60) were divided into an experimental group and a control group. Half of the subjects participated in a music-assisted relaxation (MAR) session, and the other half of the subjects participated in a relaxation session with no music. Each session consisted of approximately 30 minutes of a relaxation session, with 15 minutes before the session and after the session to fill out the pre- and post-test questionnaires. The relaxation script used, entitled Total Relaxation, comes from 30 Scripts for Relaxation, Imagery, & Inner Healing edited by Julie T. Lusk. The pre- and post-test questionnaires used were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger, 1983) and the Derogatis Stress Profile (DSP) (Derogatis, 1997). An additional post-test questionnaire determining the level of enjoyment and relaxation using a Likert Scale of 10 degrees was also used. All subjects gave written consent prior to participation in this study. Data results were graphically and statistically analyzed after all subjects participated in one 30-minute relaxation session. Results indicated an overall significant decrease of stress levels in all groups but no significant difference between music and non-music groups.







The Psychology of Music Performance Anxiety


Book Description

Why are some performers exhilarated and energized about performing in public, while others feel a crushing sense of fear and dread, and experience public performance as an overwhelming challenge that must be endured? What are the factors that produce such vastly different performance experiences? Why have consummate artists like Frederic Chopin, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Pablo Cassals, Tatiana Troyanos, and Barbra Streisand experienced such intense music performance anxiety? This is a disorder that can affect musicians across a range of genres and of all standards. Some of the 'cures' musicians resort to can be harmful to their health and detrimental to their playing. This is the first rigorous exposition of music performance anxiety. In this groundbreaking work, Dianna Kenny draws on a range of disciplines including psychology, philosophy, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, and performance theory in order to explain the many facets of music performance anxiety that have emerged in the empirical and clinical literature. She identifies some unifying guiding principles that will enhance our understanding of the condition and guide researchers and clinicians in the development of effective treatments. The book provides a detailed conceptual framework for the study of music performance anxiety and a review of the empirical and clinical research on the anxiety disorders. In addition it presents a thorough analysis of the concepts related to music performance anxiety, its epidemiology, and theories and therapies that may be useful in understanding and treating the condition. The voices of musicians are clearly heard throughout the book and in the final two chapters, we hear directly from musicians about how they experience it and what they do to manage it. This book will lay a firm foundation for theorizing music performance anxiety and be of enormous value interest to those in the fields of music and music education, clinical psychology, and performance studies.