Author : Source Wikipedia
Publisher : Booksllc.Net
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 25,52 MB
Release : 2013-09
Category :
ISBN : 9781230792231
Book Description
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 29. Chapters: Chevron CRUSH, Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing, ExxonMobil Electrofrac, FrackNation, Frack Off, Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act, Gasland, Hydro-slotted perforation, List of additives for hydraulic fracturing, Proppants and fracking fluids, Radionuclides associated with hydraulic fracturing, Solids control. Excerpt: Hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer by a pressurized fluid. Some hydraulic fractures form naturally-certain veins or dikes are examples-and can create conduits along which gas and petroleum from source rocks may migrate to reservoir rocks. Induced hydraulic fracturing or hydrofracturing, commonly known as fracing, fraccing, or fracking, is a technique used to release petroleum, natural gas (including shale gas, tight gas, and coal seam gas), or other substances for extraction. This type of fracturing creates fractures from a wellbore drilled into reservoir rock formations. The first experimental use of hydraulic fracturing was in 1947, and the first commercially successful applications in 1949. As of 2010, it was estimated that 60% of all new oil and gas wells worldwide were being hydraulically fractured. Proponents of hydraulic fracturing point to the economic benefits from vast amounts of formerly inaccessible hydrocarbons the process can extract. Opponents point to potential environmental impacts, including contamination of ground water, risks to air quality, the migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills and flowback and the health effects of these. For these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under scrutiny internationally, with some countries suspending or banning it. Fracturing in rocks at depth tends to be suppressed by the confining pressure, due to the load...