Freedom’s Gardener


Book Description

Unearths an unexpected bloom of liberty in an ex-slave's journal.




Freedom's Gardener


Book Description

In 1793 James F. Brown was born a slave and in 1868 he died a free man. At age 34 he ran away from his native Maryland to spend the remainder of his life in upstate New York's Hudson Valley, where he was employed as a gardener by the wealthy, Dutch-descended Verplanck family on their estate in Fishkill Landing. Two years after his escape, he began a diary that he kept until two years before his death. In Freedom's Gardener, Myra B. Young Armstead uses seemingly small details from Brown's diaries--entries about weather, gardening, steamboat schedules, the Verplancks' social life, and other largely domestic matters--to construct a bigger story about the development of national citizenship in the United States in the years predating the Civil War. Brown's experience of upward mobility demonstrates the power of freedom as a legal state, the cultural meanings attached to free labour using horticulture as a particular example, and the effectiveness of the vibrant political and civic sphere characterizing the free, democratic practices begun in the Revolutionary period and carried into the young nation. In this first detailed historical study of Brown's diaries, Armstead thus utilizes Brown's life to more deeply illuminate the concept of freedom as it developed in the United States in the early national and antebellum years. That Brown, an African American and former slave, serves as such a case study underscores the potential of American citizenship during his lifetime.




The New-York Farmer, and Horticultural Repository Volume 3


Book Description

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1830 edition. Excerpt: ...in size and value; and, in fact, is continually uppermost in the poor man's mind. If he observes but a few dry leaves blown into a ditch, he bags them, and brings them home for bedding; or he picks up a bundle of fern by the road-side; in short any thing which he can honestly lay his hands on will always be brought home, and he will never grudge any trouble of this kind. Besides, all this helps to make manure: and no manure is so rich as that which is taken from the pigsty. This animal is now, however to be well supplied.with food, and fattened against Christmas. The hog-tubs will now be had in requisition; and their great value will be properly appreciated, for there will be no necessity of messing every time the, pig wants a meal: with a portion of stale wash, and a few mashed potatoes, the pig will grow and do well till the end of September or beginning of October (potato digging time.) At this season, a sack of bartey meal should be purchased; and aboujt three or four pounds of this meal, with thirteen pounds of mashed potatoes, which, I will show may be set apart for that purpose, when I speak of the produce of the garden, being daily added to thicken the stale wash, will make excellent food; and, if the pig, has been well attended to during the summer, should not fall short of weighing fifteen score pounds by Christmas, to which time the food is calculated to last. (To be Continued.) For the New-York Farmer. Abt. CXXX.--Friendship between Pigeons and Martins. During a late excursion to Long Island, I was much amused by the social conduct of tame pigeons and domesticated martins towards each other. Different as they ar in ornithological character, they associated in the same box as completely as if they had been individuals of...













Pioneers of American Landscape Design


Book Description




Change in Agriculture


Book Description

American agriculture changed radically between 1820 and 1870. In turning slowly from subsistence to commercial farming, farmers on the average doubled the portion of their production places on the market, and thereby laid the foundations for today's highly productive agricultural industry. But the modern system was by no means inevitable. It evolved slowly through an intricate process in which innovative and imitative entrepreneurs were the key instruments.