X-ray Standing Wave Technique, The: Principles And Applications


Book Description

The X-ray standing wave (XSW) technique is an X-ray interferometric method combining diffraction with a multitude of spectroscopic techniques. It is extremely powerful for obtaining information about virtually all properties of surfaces and interfaces on the atomic scale. However, as with any other technique, it has strengths and limitations. The proper use and necessary understanding of this method requires knowledge in quite different fields of physics and technology. This volume presents comprehensively the theoretical background, technical requirements and distinguished experimental highlights of the technique. Containing contributions from the most prominent experts of the technique, such as Andre Authier, Boris Batterman, Michael J Bedzyk, Jene Golovchenko, Victor Kohn, Michail Kovalchuk, Gerhard Materlik and D Phil Woodruff, the book equips scientists with all the necessary information and knowledge to understand and use the XSW technique in practically all applications.




The X-ray Standing Wave Technique


Book Description

The X-ray standing wave (XSW) technique is an X-ray interferometric method combining diffraction with a multitude of spectroscopic techniques. It is extremely powerful for obtaining information about virtually all properties of surfaces and interfaces on the atomic scale. However, as with any other technique, it has strengths and limitations. The proper use and necessary understanding of this method requires knowledge in quite different fields of physics and technology. This volume presents comprehensively the theoretical background, technical requirements and distinguished experimental highlights of the technique. Containing contributions from the most prominent experts of the technique, such as Andre Authier, Boris Batterman, Michael J Bedzyk, Jene Golovchenko, Victor Kohn, Michail Kovalchuk, Gerhard Materlik and D Phil Woodruff, the book equips scientists with all the necessary information and knowledge to understand and use the XSW technique in practically all applications.







X-Ray Diffraction


Book Description

High-resolution x-ray diffraction and scattering is a key tool for structure analysis not only in bulk materials but also at surfaces and buried interfaces from the sub-nanometer range to micrometers. This book offers an overview of diffraction and scattering methods currently available at modern synchrotron sources and illustrates bulk and interface investigations of solid and liquid matter with up-to-date research examples. It presents important characteristics of the sources, experimental set-up, and new detector developments. The book also considers future exploitation of x-ray free electron lasers for diffraction applications.




X-Ray Standing Waves on Surfaces


Book Description

The x-ray standing wave technique is a sensitive tool for determining the position of atoms within a crystal, adsorbed onto a surface or distributed within the crystal or at the interface. The technique is based on the x-ray standing wave field that arises as a result of the interference of coherently related incident and reflected plane waves and is described by the theory of dynamical diffraction of x-rays. When two coherently related traveling plane waves having the same wavelength pass through each other their superposition results in a standing wave of period D = lambda/2 sin theta; where lambda is the wavelength of the traveling waves, and 2 theta is the relative angle between them. The generation of a standing wave requires both an incident and a reflected wave and the letter can be generated by either Bragg diffraction or total external reflection.




X-Ray and Neutron Dynamical Diffraction


Book Description

This volume collects the proceedings of the 23rd International Course of Crystallography, entitled "X-ray and Neutron Dynamical Diffraction, Theory and Applications," which took place in the fascinating setting of Erice in Sicily, Italy. It was run as a NATO Advanced Studies Institute with A. Authier (France) and S. Lagomarsino (Italy) as codirectors, and L. Riva di Sanseverino and P. Spadon (Italy) as local organizers, R. Colella (USA) and B. K. Tanner (UK) being the two other members of the organizing committee. It was attended by about one hundred participants from twenty four different countries. Two basic theories may be used to describe the diffraction of radiation by crystalline matter. The first one, the so-called geometrical, or kinematical theory, is approximate and is applicable to small, highly imperfect crystals. It is used for the determination of crystal structures and describes the diffraction of powders and polycrystalline materials. The other one, the so-called dynamical theory, is applicable to perfect or nearly perfect crystals. For that reason, dynamical diffraction of X-rays and neutrons constitutes the theoretical basis of a great variety of applications such as: • the techniques used for the characterization of nearly perfect high technology materials, semiconductors, piezoelectric, electrooptic, ferroelectric, magnetic crystals, • the X-ray optical devices used in all modem applications of Synchrotron Radiation (EXAFS, High Resolution X-ray Diffractometry, magnetic and nuclear resonant scattering, topography, etc. ), and • X-ray and neutron interferometry.




Development of the X-ray Standing Waves Methodology to Probe the Interfaces of Periodic Multilayers


Book Description

The interfacial information of periodic multilayers can be crucial for the development of reflecting mirrors which operate in the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (X-EUV) ranges. Such information may contain the interdiffusion and chemical process at the interfaces of the layers. The idea of this thesis is to apply the X-ray standing wave technique to the characterization of materials, mainly but not limited to the periodic multilayers. X-ray standing wave technique enables to enhance the excitation (photoemission, fluorescence etc.) of specific locations within a periodic stack. The nature of such advantage is the interference of two coherent X-ray beams. One may compare the X-ray standing waves with the mechanical standing waves. The constructive interference at the anti-nodal plane amplifies the electric field; while the destructive interference at the nodal plane minimizes the electric field. In this way, the experimental spectra obtained under standing wave field will be mostly the material located on the anti-nodal plane. Combined with other techniques such as X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a depth-selective information with a sub-nanoscale sensitivity can be obtained.




Physics at Surfaces and Interfaces


Book Description

Clean surfaces and absorbed layers: structure and morphology. Honeycombs, triangles and bright stars: the adatom-induced reconstruction of Pt(111) / Shobhana Narasimhan and Raghani Pushpa. Metallic surfaces under elevated gas pressure studied in situ by scanning tunneling microscopy: O[symbol], H[symbol]/Au(111); CO/Au(110) / F.J.C.S. Aires, C. Deranlot, Y. Jugnet, L. Piccolo and J.-C. Bertolini. X-ray structural analysis of semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces / S. Warren [und weitere]. Aspects of heteroepitaxial growth / S.M. Shivaprasad -- Quantum well, wire and dot: structure and transport. Growth and characterization of P-HEMT structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy / R. Muralidharan [und weitere]. Spin transport in a two-dimensional electron gas / T.P. Pareek and P. Bruno. Stepped silicon templates for quantum wire structures / I.K. Robinson, P.A, Bennett and F.J. Himpsel. Scanning tunneling microscopy study of epitaxial growth of Si and Ge on silicon during growth / Bert Voigtländer. Growth of self-assembled epitaxial germanium nanoislands on silicon surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy / D.K. Goswami [und weitere]. Raman spectroscopic studies on elastic strain at germanium particles-silicon matrix interface / Anushree Roy and Sangeeta Sahoo -- Layered synthetic microstructures. Layered synthetic microstructures: importance of a combined X-ray standing wave and X-ray reflectivity analysis / B.N. Dev. Development of multilayers for hard X-ray optics / Y. Tawara [und weitere]. Pure nuclear reflections from natural FeN[symbol]/[symbol]Fe N[symbol] isotopic multilayer / A. Gupta [und weitere] -- Surface modification by energetic ion beams. Scanning probe studies of swift heavy ion irradiated semiconductor surfaces / J.P. Singh and D. Kanjilal. Ion irradiation effects and ion beam studies of semiconductor multilayers / S.V.S. Nageswara Rao [und weitere]. Surface modifications in silicon(l00) due to antimony implantation / Shikha Varma, Soma Dey and V. Ganesan




Dynamical Theory of X-ray Diffraction


Book Description

Publisher Description




Spectroscopy of Complex Oxide Interfaces


Book Description

This book summarizes the most recent and compelling experimental results for complex oxide interfaces. The results of this book were obtained with the cutting-edge photoemission technique at highest energy resolution. Due to their fascinating properties for new-generation electronic devices and the challenge of investigating buried regions, the book chiefly focuses on complex oxide interfaces. The crucial feature of exploring buried interfaces is the use of soft X-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) operating on the energy range of a few hundred eV to increase the photoelectron mean free path, enabling the photons to penetrate through the top layers – in contrast to conventional ultraviolet (UV)-ARPES techniques. The results presented here, achieved by different research groups around the world, are summarized in a clearly structured way and discussed in comparison with other photoemission spectroscopy techniques and other oxide materials. They are complemented and supported by the most recent theoretical calculations as well as results of complementary experimental techniques including electron transport and inelastic resonant X-ray scattering.