Theory of Bipolar World:The Road to Communism Found in the Evolutionary Structure of World History


Book Description

This academic work, inheriting and developing the basic principles of Marxism, analyzes the world's historical structure by using materialist dialectics and forecasts the direction of the socialist movement and the ways to realize communism. It not only makes up for the horizontal dynamic part of Marxist theory but also points out a logical path for the development of human society. Furthermore, it predicts the proposal and practice of China's "the Belt and Road Initiative" from various aspects and provides the theoretical basis and rationale for building a community with a shared future for mankind.




Theory of Bipolar World


Book Description

This academic work, inheriting and developing the basic principles of Marxism, analyzes the world's historical structure by using materialist dialectics and forecasts the direction of the socialist movement and the ways to realize communism. It not only makes up for the horizontal dynamic part of Marxist theory but also points out a logical path for the development of human society. Furthermore, it predicts the proposal and practice of China's "the Belt and Road Initiative" from various aspects and provides the theoretical basis and rationale for building a community with a shared future for mankind. The theory about the contradictory movement between productive forces and production relations is the crucial part of Marxism and used to guide socialist revolution and construction as well as analyze world history. Nevertheless, classic writers failed to unveil their relations due to the historical limitations of materialist dialectics and lack of horizontal perspective to investigate the development of nature and human society. As a result, either productive forces or production relations are regarded as the only deciding factor in Marxist theory and practice, and the argument remains. This book, based on a large number of empirical analyses, solved the fundamental problem of historical materialism from the perspective of geographical competition. This book holds that after the invention of agriculture in the Neolithic Age, species competition was replaced by land-based geographic competition, which has become the fundamental driving force for the development of human society. It not only brought about private ownership and social organizations such as patriarchal clans, tribes, nationalities, classes, countries and regions, but also made the "two poles" of the East and the West compete in changing social forms, develop productive forces and shape world history after the formation of the Inner Asian nomads. This book divides the history of the "bipolar" competitions between the East and the West after 500 B.C. into three stages. The beginning of the first stage was marked by powerful feudalist China as the power core, ending with the rise of capitalist United Kingdom, which was the power core of the second stage. During this stage, with the acquisition of "land taxes" as its driving force, four relatively independent political-economic entities were formed from the East to the West with decreasing civilization degree: ancient China, Inner Asia, Islam and Europe (referred to as Zone 4, Zone 3, Zone 2 and Zone 1 respectively in this book). The second stage, with the capitalist UK as the power core, ended with the development of socialist China, which was the core of power at the third stage. The driving force at this stage was the attainment of "raw material market." Based on the first-generation bipolar world pattern, two relatively independent political-economic entities, the capitalist system and the socialist system, have been formed from the West to the East. This stage was divided into three phases of economic colonization, focusing on the realms of public goods, natural monopoly and competition. This book uses a large amount of historical data to analyze the specific levels of the two stages. Despite the fact that factual data support is not sufficient sometimes and some conclusions are open to discussion, the theoretical system is complete in line with macro events and the overall framework is convincing. By analyzing the first and second stages, this book makes a theoretical prediction about the phases and outcomes of the third stage. This book holds that the third stage began with the development of socialist China and will end with the realization of world communism and the extinction of geo-competitive relations. The driving force of this stage is the acquisition of "property rights cooperation." Based on the second-stage bipolar world pattern, it will undergo three phases of state-owned enterprises cooperation in the realm of competition, natural monopoly and public goods. The world, from east to west, will form an entity with no social difference. The author believes that under the background of the advantageous West and disadvantageous East in the economic globalization, a structural union based on geo-economy is the only option. Cross-border cooperation of state-owned enterprises is the only way to break the natural restriction of private economy, win the principal status in the world competition, solve the problem of sufficient demand at home and abroad, enhance the economic and political situation of the working class in various countries, and get rid of the dependence on the capitalist colonial system. The property right cooperation of state-owned enterprises, therefore, is the fundamental driving force for the future development of human society. This book sums up this historical process of economic cooperation as one driving force (the transnational property rights cooperation of state-owned enterprises), three phases (first Zones 4 and 3, then Zones 4, 3 and 2, and finally Zones 4, 3, 2 and 1) and three realms (first competition, then natural monopoly and finally public goods). The book was finalized in early 2013, and the Chinese version was published by the Central Compilation & Translation Press in March 2014. In September and October 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed to the world the initiative to jointly build the "Silk Road Economic Belt" and the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". The Belt and Road Initiative, tracing its history back to the ancient Silk Road, aims to jointly build a community of shared interests, future and responsibilities through economic cooperation, featuring political mutual trust, economic integration and cultural tolerance. Since it is launched, the initiative has received extensive attention and recognition from the international community. It has achieved great success in solving China's own economic problems, providing sufficient supply to countries along the route, enhancing endogenous momentum in undeveloped countries, improving people's living standard and promoting the preservation and appreciation of surplus assets worldwide. We can see that when carrying out "the Belt and Road Initiative," the property rights cooperation between state-owned enterprises of China and other countries along the line has played a crucial role. Countries in Zone 3, such as Russia, Inner Asia and Pakistan, have taken the lead in making significant progress in cooperation with China in Zone 4. Breakthroughs are achieved in competitive fields such as infrastructure, energy, manufacturing and trade. All these have proved the book's scientific predictions about the third stage. This book not only develops Marxist theory but also proves the scientific prophecy by the practice of the Belt and Road Initiative. Since the Chinese version was issued, it has received wide attention and recognition from all sides. When preparing the foreign language version, the author has dramatically compressed and modified the Chinese version of the content, making the book more complete and more readable.




End of History and the Last Man


Book Description

Ever since its first publication in 1992, the New York Times bestselling The End of History and the Last Man has provoked controversy and debate. "Profoundly realistic and important...supremely timely and cogent...the first book to fully fathom the depth and range of the changes now sweeping through the world." —The Washington Post Book World Francis Fukuyama's prescient analysis of religious fundamentalism, politics, scientific progress, ethical codes, and war is as essential for a world fighting fundamentalist terrorists as it was for the end of the Cold War. Now updated with a new afterword, The End of History and the Last Man is a modern classic.




The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order


Book Description

The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order has become a classic work of international relations and one of the most influential books ever written about foreign affairs. An insightful and powerful analysis of the forces driving global politics, it is as indispensable to our understanding of American foreign policy today as the day it was published. As former National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski says in his new foreword to the book, it “has earned a place on the shelf of only about a dozen or so truly enduring works that provide the quintessential insights necessary for a broad understanding of world affairs in our time.” Samuel Huntington explains how clashes between civilizations are the greatest threat to world peace but also how an international order based on civilizations is the best safeguard against war. Events since the publication of the book have proved the wisdom of that analysis. The 9/11 attacks and wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have demonstrated the threat of civilizations but have also shown how vital international cross-civilization cooperation is to restoring peace. As ideological distinctions among nations have been replaced by cultural differences, world politics has been reconfigured. Across the globe, new conflicts—and new cooperation—have replaced the old order of the Cold War era. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order explains how the population explosion in Muslim countries and the economic rise of East Asia are changing global politics. These developments challenge Western dominance, promote opposition to supposedly “universal” Western ideals, and intensify intercivilization conflict over such issues as nuclear proliferation, immigration, human rights, and democracy. The Muslim population surge has led to many small wars throughout Eurasia, and the rise of China could lead to a global war of civilizations. Huntington offers a strategy for the West to preserve its unique culture and emphasizes the need for people everywhere to learn to coexist in a complex, multipolar, muliticivilizational world.




Regions and Powers


Book Description

This book develops the idea that since decolonisation, regional patterns of security have become more prominent in international politics. The authors combine an operational theory of regional security with an empirical application across the whole of the international system. Individual chapters cover Africa, the Balkans, CIS Europe, East Asia, EU Europe, the Middle East, North America, South America, and South Asia. The main focus is on the post-Cold War period, but the history of each regional security complex is traced back to its beginnings. By relating the regional dynamics of security to current debates about the global power structure, the authors unfold a distinctive interpretation of post-Cold War international security, avoiding both the extreme oversimplifications of the unipolar view, and the extreme deterritorialisations of many globalist visions of a new world disorder. Their framework brings out the radical diversity of security dynamics in different parts of the world.




Chinese Foreign Policy


Book Description

This volume explores how China is adapting to international norms and practices while still giving primacy to its national interests. It examines China's strategic behaviour on the world stage, particularly in its relationships with major powers and Asian neighbours.




Declining Democracy in East-Central Europe


Book Description

The dramatic decline of democracy in East-Central Europe has attracted great interest world-wide. Going beyond the narrow spectrum of the extensive literature on this topic, this book offers a comprehensive analysis of ECE region – Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia – from systemic change in 1989 to 2019 to explain the reasons of the collapse of ECE democratic systems in the 2010s.




International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War


Book Description

This controversial set of essays evaluates and extends international relations theory in light of the revolutionary events of past years. The contributors demonstrate how theoretical constructs did not anticipate Soviet foreign policies that led to the end of the Cold War.




Theory of International Politics


Book Description

Forfatterens mål med denne bog er: 1) Analyse af de gældende teorier for international politik og hvad der heri er lagt størst vægt på. 2) Konstruktion af en teori for international politik som kan kan råde bod på de mangler, der er i de nu gældende. 3) Afprøvning af den rekonstruerede teori på faktiske hændelsesforløb.




Dynamics Among Nations


Book Description

An innovative view of the changing geopolitical landscape that draws on the science of complex adaptive systems to understand changes in global interaction. Liberal internationalism has been the West's foreign policy agenda since the Cold War, and the West has long occupied the top rung of a hierarchical system. In this book, Hilton Root argues that international relations, like other complex ecosystems, exists in a constantly shifting landscape, in which hierarchical structures are giving way to systems of networked interdependence, changing every facet of global interaction. Accordingly, policymakers will need a new way to understand the process of change. Root suggests that the science of complex systems offers an analytical framework to explain the unforeseen development failures, governance trends, and alliance shifts in today's global political economy. Root examines both the networked systems that make up modern states and the larger, interdependent landscapes they share. Using systems analysis—in which institutional change and economic development are understood as self-organizing complexities—he offers an alternative view of institutional resilience and persistence. From this perspective, Root considers the divergence of East and West; the emergence of the European state, its contrast with the rise of China, and the network properties of their respective innovation systems; the trajectory of democracy in developing regions; and the systemic impact of China on the liberal world order. Complexity science, Root argues, will not explain historical change processes with algorithmic precision, but it may offer explanations that match the messy richness of those processes.