Book Description

This dissertation consists of three chapters that present three standalone essays on the monitoring role of financial analysts. Chapter 1 investigates the monitoring role of financial analysts in the financial reporting process by examining the informativeness and monitoring effect of their written comments on earnings quality. I find that these comments have incremental predictability with respect to future accounting restatements, and convey information to investors beyond that in the earnings forecasts, stock ratings, price targets, and other qualitative text in analyst reports. Further analyses suggest that the market's reaction to these comments is primarily driven by negative comments and comments written with certainty. In addition, controlling for accrual reversals, I find that firms significantly reduce the level of accruals-based earnings management after receiving negative comments, and this reduction is not accompanied by an increase in real activities management. Overall, the first chapter provides direct evidence on analysts' monitoring role in financial reporting. Chapter 2 examines whether and how analysts' monitoring of the financial reporting process alleviates a well-known agency problem in which a manager inflates her compensation by manipulating earnings. I argue that analysts' monitoring reduces a manager's ability to conceal earnings management from directors, thus facilitating directors' adjustment of executive compensation in the presence of earnings management. Consistent with this argument, I find that earnings carry a lower weight in the determination of CEO compensation in firms that are criticized by analysts regarding earnings quality, but only when directors are likely to be aware of the critical analyst reports. The main findings are robust to matching on performance and controlling for firm-fixed effects and are not driven by other text in the analyst reports. Additional analyses suggest that the weight placed on earnings decreases as the actual accruals deviate from analysts' accruals forecasts. Overall, the second chapter emphasizes analysts' monitoring role in alleviating managerial rent extraction in executive compensation. Chapter 3 provides evidence on the impact of recent analyst independence reforms (the National Association of Securities Dealers [NASD] Rule 2711 and the companion New York Stock Exchange [NYSE] Rule 472 Amendment, and the Global Settlement) on analysts' monitoring role in the financial reporting process. The NASD Rule 2711 requires brokerage firms to structurally separate investment banking from equity research; meanwhile, the Global Settlement mandates the participating banks to fund independent research firms to the amount of 432.5 million dollars from 2004 to 2009. I find evidence consistent with an increase in analysts' monitoring effectiveness following the reforms. Further analyses suggest that this increase is primarily driven by the Global Settlement, rather than by the adoption of NASD Rule 2711. The evidence is robust to a difference-in-difference specification with Canadian firms as the control group. Moreover, I document a reversal of the increase in monitoring effectiveness following the end of the Global Settlement's five-year funding. Overall, the third chapter highlights the interaction between the monitoring role of financial analysts and the regulatory environment.