Trois essais sur les Relations de Long Terme entre Croissance et Environnement


Book Description

Environnement et activités humaines interagissent à travers des relations multiples et complexes. Cette thèse s'interroge sur les limites que l'environnement pourrait imposer à la croissance. Le premier chapitre montre que l'environnement peut constituer un frein au développement en diminuant l'espérance de vie des agents, en freinant leur épargne, et peut causer des situations de trappes à pauvreté environnementales. La mise en place de politiques environnementales publiques peut néanmoins permettre d'éviter ces trappes et d'augmenter le niveau de revenu par tête. Dans le second chapitre,l'existence de ressources non-renouvelables polluantes nécessaires à la production est susceptible de freiner la croissance. Cependant, dans la lignée des travaux néoclassiques des années 70, les difficultés liées au caractère fini des ressources peuvent être dépassées par un progrès technologique exogène et des possibilités de substitution capital-ressources suffisantes. Il est par ailleurs démontré qu'une pollution non-persistante provenant de l'utilisation des ressources ne constituait pas un frein au développement. Enfin, le troisième chapitre démontre qu'une forte dépendance aux ressources naturelles affecte négativement la croissance des pays en développement, tandis que l'abondance en ressources naturelles la favorise. La dépendance étant le résultat de choix économiques, une politique de diversification de l'économie consistant à réinvestir les rentes issues de l'exploitation des ressources naturelles dans les secteurs secondaire et tertiaire pourrait permettre de la réduire. Par ailleurs, nous suggérons que développer l'éducation, les institutions et les marchés financiers pourrait permettre de limiter le risque de malédiction des ressources.







Environnement et croissance


Book Description

This thesis is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between economic growth and the environment, when considering the altruistic choices of parents toward their children, through environmental, economic and educative bequests. This work is organized around three chapters. The first focuses on the first stages of economic development, corresponding to a major turning point of this relationship. It highlights the role of interactions between economic, demographic and environmental spheres in the emergence of a polluting industrialization. Moreover, it illustrates the great disparities, historically observed, with economies stuck in a poverty trap and others developing at expense of their environment. The others chapter deals with developed economies. The second chapter takes into account the endogeneity of environmental preferences in order to analyze the implications of an environmental policy composed of usual tools (pollution tax and abatement activities) and an educative tool aiming to raise households' environmental awareness. We show that such a policy mix may allow to avoid intergenerational inequalities, coming from fluctuations in preferences, and to enhance economic growth. The third chapter considers the effects of pollution on longevity and their unequal repartition across population. We highlight that there exists an inequality trap, where disparities are persistently widening, but also that an environmental policy may allow an economy to escape from this trap and to improve economic growth, through its positive effects on health and on the returns to education.







Guidance for CITES Scientific Authorities


Book Description

Use of and trade in wildlife is a fact of life for human society around the globe. Article IV of the CITES Convention requires that exporting countries restrict trade in Appendix II species to levels that are not detrimental either to species? survival, or to their role within the ecosystems in which they occur (known as the ?non-detriment finding?). Based on two workshops convened by IUCN to develop some pragmatic assistance for Scientific Authorities, this publication presents the background to the development of the non-detriment finding checklist and explains how the checklist itself is designed to work, in the hope that Scientific Authority staff will take and develop the parts of the approach that they find useful.




Traces on the Rhodian Shore


Book Description

In the history of Western thought, men have persistently asked three questions concerning the habitable earth and their relationships toit. From the time of the Greeks to our own, answers to these questions have been and are being given so frequently and so continually that we may restate them in the form of general ideas.




Cover Crops in West Africa


Book Description

Cover Crops in West Africa Contributing to Sustainable Agriculture




Growing Greener Cities in Africa


Book Description

The Second Global Plan of Action addresses new challenges, such as climate change and food insecurity, as well as novel opportunities, including information, communication and molecular methodologies. It contains 18 priority activities organized in four main groups: In situ conservation and management; Ex situ conservation; Sustainable use; and Building sustainable institutional and human capacities.







Institutions and Economic Performance


Book Description

Institutions and Economic Performance explores the question of why income per capita varies so greatly across countries. Even taking into account disparities in resources, including physical and human capital, large economic discrepancies remain across countries. Why are some societies but not others able to encourage investments in places, people, and productivity? The answer, the book argues, lies to a large extent in institutional differences across societies. Such institutions are wide-ranging and include formal constitutional arrangements, the role of economic and political elites, informal institutions that promote investment and knowledge transfer, and others. Two core themes run through the contributors’ essays. First, what constraints do institutions place on the power of the executive to prevent it from extorting the investments and effort of other people and institutions? Second, when are productive institutions self-enforcing? Institutions and Economic Performance is unique in its melding of economics, political science, history, and sociology to address its central question.