Spanish-English Contrasts


Book Description

An invaluable text in language and linguistics because it has a unique scope: a one-volume description of the Spanish language and its differences from English, and ranges from pronunciation and grammar to word meaning, language use, and social and dialectical variation. Designed for survey courses in Spanish linguistics with technical concepts explained in context for beginners in the field, Spanish/English Contrasts brings out the ways in which insights into the two languages have evolved as scholars have built on the work and research of others in the field. A bilingual glossary of linguistic terms is provided to facilitate discussion in either language. This second edition is thoroughly updated to incorporate insights and issues that have come to the fore from the explosion of research in the past twenty-five years in all of the areas covered by the book. It includes an expanded bibliography and index, and adds new exercises for student application and class discussion. Its approach remains broadly based however, in order to accommodate a range of areas and data rather than focusing narrowly on one single theory or research area, and it continues to emphasize implications for language teaching, translation, and other practical applications.




English and Spanish in Contrast


Book Description

The objective of the monograph is to contrast the different levels of the two languages involved, English and Spanish, in order to highlight the main divergences found between the two linguistic systems; besides, it also tackles some cultural and pragmatic differences. English and Spanish in Contrast is aimed at adult learners of English or Spanish with some previous knowledge of both languages, but also to teachers and non-native speakers who want to increase their proficiency in any of the two languages. The book is divided into a theoretical section, where selected issues of the Spanish and English linguistic systems are explained and contrasted; and a practical section, which includes exercises to accompany the explanations and concentrates on practising upon those aspects that are a particular problem to non-native speakers and usually, the source of the most frequent mistakes. Finally a key to the exercises is provided. Therefore, it may be used as a self-study tool as well.




English and Spanish


Book Description

A great number of similarities and differences between the English and Spanish languages exist. Learning one of these two languages from the other one is not as difficult as a person finds in learning many other foreign languages. The reason is because there are many similarities between English and Spanish. Understanding the challenging or tricky differences between the languages is well worth one's time in learning as well. Concentrating on the many similarities and confusing differences between the languages assists a language learner greatly in learning either language. This book begins with the many similarities between English and Spanish, and then it details the differences between the two languages. The author of this book taught English as a Second Language (ESL) students for a decade at the end of a four-decade teaching career. Prior to ESL, he taught English with the concentration on reading, writing, and speaking. In teaching bilingual students, he found that comparing the two languages was very beneficial in helping language learners learn and understand English and its grammar faster and much more effectively than they had previously been learning by only concentrating on English as a new language to them. Equally, through his personal experience, he found that he could learn Spanish much easier and more quickly by making many comparisons of the two languages. Learning is more difficult when educators and programs insist on total immersion of a language while ignoring the incredible advantages in making comparisons. To become the best possible learned speaker, reader, and writer of either language, study beyond the philosophies of immersion. A great amount of benefit results when students concentrate on what is the same between their first language and the other language. It teaches the learner that he or she already knows much about the new language due to the many similarities. The learner already knows the elements of the new language that are integrated with his or her own language. In learning these integral or essential parts, the learner learns and understands more quickly and more efficiently. Being able to speak a new language makes one's life better in many ways as it greatly increases the number of people with whom a person can interact and communicate. Business people are finding the huge benefits of being able to speak English and Spanish in the United States and beyond. Enjoy learning. It does a person and his or her mind a great deal of good.




Language Processing in Spanish


Book Description

This book presents a set of contributions to the current flow of psycholinguistic research, with new and challenging data gathered from Spanish that may illuminate issues about the generality of language processing models. Although it is possible to find a considerable amount of papers on psycholinguistic research with the Spanish language published in English-speaking journals, unfortunately, the scientific community does not have access to an overview of psycholinguistics in Spain. This book overcomes these limitations because it brings together state-of-the-art descriptions of the research and theory of the different subareas of psycholinguistics currently being studied in Spain. Spanish, the third most widely-used language in the world, differs from English in a number of important respects. Since English has been predominant in psycholinguistic research, contrasting properties of Spanish may help to test the generality of language processing mechanisms and to refine their description. The set of contrasting features considered in this book includes acoustical and syllabic transparency, shallow orthography, a much richer morphology, flexibility in word order, less variability in intonational contours, and the existence of null pronominal subjects for inflected verbs. There are also interesting contrasts in the frequency of different linguistic units, whose impact on language processing is also evaluated. One of the main lines of argument throughout this book deals with the tension between universality and variation as a way of characterizing the functioning of language capacities and processes. The variety of topics covered by this book ranges from one end of the spectrum of language related behavior to the other: speech perception, lexical access in word recognition, relations between phonological and orthographic representations, sentence processing, discourse comprehension, and language production. All chapters focus on questions of general interest within each topic, and in most cases they appeal to one particular feature of the Spanish language that is relevant for a given question. Most chapters show the indisputable importance of crosslinguistic research in psycholinguistics to improve understanding on whether universal cognitive mechanisms and language specific routines underlie the ability of understanding and producing language.




The Grammatical Structures of English and Spanish


Book Description

This series is designed to provide a detailed account of one of the major problems in the teaching of a second language—the interference caused by structural differences between the native language of the learner and the foreign language he is studying. The similarities and differences between English and the language being taught are described in two volumes, one on the sound systems and one on the grammatical systems, for some of the foreign languages most in demand in the United States today.




English with a Latin Beat


Book Description

Although it has long been recognized that second language pronunciation is strongly influenced by the native language, second language phonology has only become a recognized area of study during the last thirty years. While English has been the most frequent target language involved, the learners' L1s have varied greatly. This is the first collection to gather together studies involving English learners whose L1 is Spanish or Brazilian Portuguese, two closely-related languages with important phonological differences. The research covers vowel perception and production, syllable simplification strategies, word and compound stress, and vowel reduction. While the papers confirm the important role of the native language, they also shed light on the sometimes subtle and unexpected ways in which this variable interacts with universal markedness relationships to determine the formation of phonetic categories and their use in perception and production. These eleven carefully conducted empirical studies will provide insights for practitioners and stimulate further research.




Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior


Book Description

Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior is a collection of papers that discusses differences at the center of the study of language, specifically, on the various dimensions of linguistic ability and behavior along which individuals can differ from each other. Papers also review the development of techniques that measure these dimensions in relation to biological, psychological, and cultural parameters. Some papers review individual differences in language study in terms of different perspectives: that of a psychometrician's, of an individualistic's vantage point, and of a psycholinguistic's. Other papers discuss how each individual accesses, uses, and judges his language through fluency, biases, spatial principles, or a linguistic-phonetic mode. Several papers examine individual differences in language acquisition, such as "profile analysis," strategies in acquisition of sounds, second language learning, and duplication of adult language system. A group of papers addresses the biological aspects of language variation. These biological aspects include selective disorders of syntax (agrammatism), selective disorders of lexical retrieval (anomia), and cerebral lateralization effects in language processing. Certain papers explain individual differences in languages using sociolinguistic analysis. The collection is well suited for linguists, ethnologists, psychologists, and researchers whose works involve linguistics, learning, communications, and syntax.




English and Spanish: the Similarities, Differences, and Contemporary Translations


Book Description

This book contains three of Scott Paulson's English-Spanish books. The three books are: "English and Spanish: The Similarities and Differences (including an extensive Grammar and Phonics Review)" (2nd Ed.); "English to Spanish Translations for Contemporary Conversation" (2nd Ed.); and "Christmas Words and Phrases in English and Spanish." About "English and Spanish: The Similarities and Differences": A great number of similarities and differences between the English and Spanish languages exist. Learning one of these two languages from the other one is not as difficult as a person finds in learning many other foreign languages. The reason is because there are many similarities between English and Spanish. Understanding the tricky differences between the languages is well worth one's time in learning as well. Concentrating on the many similarities and confusing differences between the languages assists a language learner greatly in learning either language. This book begins with the many similarities between English and Spanish, and then it details the differences between the two languages. In recent years, language instruction involving the dual language approach has been found to be much more effective for learners than the one-language immersion method. This book is a tremendous asset to the dual language approach of learning English or Spanish. The author of this book taught English as a Second Language (ESL) students for a decade at the end of his four-decade teaching career. Prior to ESL instruction, he taught English with concentration on reading, writing, and speaking. In teaching his bilingual students, he found that comparing the two languages was very beneficial in helping language learners learn and understand English and its grammar faster and much more effectively than they had previously been learning by only concentrating on English as their new language. Equally, through his personal experience, he found that he could learn Spanish much easier, more effectively, and more quickly by making comparisons of the two languages. Learning is more difficult when educators and language programs insist on total immersion of a language while ignoring the incredible advantages in making comparisons. Schools that now use dual language as opposed to language immersion are backed by research by claiming the following benefits to using two languages rather than one in learning a new language. The research claims that dual language learning takes advantage of the learner's capacity to learn language more quickly. These students have better mental flexibility, better conceptualization, better executive functioning skills and more diversified mental abilities. Additionally, these students perform as well as and often better than other students on standardized tests that are given in English. These students are said to be more aware of as well as show more positive attitudes toward other persons' cultures and are more appreciative of other people. Finally, the students are better prepared for working in a global community and are more desirable in the job market. Therefore, to become the best possible learned speaker, reader, and writer of either language, one should study beyond the philosophies of single-language immersion. A great amount of benefit results when a language learner concentrates on what is the same between a first language and a second language. It teaches the learner that he or she already knows much about the new language due to the many similarities. The learner already knows the elements of the new language that are integrated with his or her own language. Next, about "English to Spanish Translations": Words and phrases are translated from English to Spanish. They are categorized to assist learners in learning the vocabulary they choose to learn. Finally, about "Christmas Words and Phrases": Christmas and holiday-related words and phrases are translated from English to Spanish and vice versa.