The Criminal Investigation Process


Book Description

In 1973 the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice awarded a contract to the Rand Corporation to undertake a nationwide, two-year study of the effectiveness of police investigative practices. The criminal investigation process in municipal and county police departments was studied by survey, by interviews and observations, and by special data collection. In October 1975, the Rand Corporation published its findings and proposed reforms in three volumes. The principal finding of the research was that, although the solution or clearance of reported crimes is the primary focus of police investigators, most clearances are arrived at through the activities of patrol officers, members of the public, and routine police procedures, rather than investigative techniques. It was further suggested that solutions for only a very small percentage of crimes, concentrated in a few specific crime types, are generated through the use of what has been traditionally thought of as investigative efforts. Rather, it was asserted that much of this traditional investigative effort is applied to crimes which empirical evidence indicates will never be solved. As a result of this finding, along with others on fingerprint processing, the use of information systems, strike forces, victim satisfaction, and post-arrest investigation thoroughness, the researchers suggested a number of reforms intended to result in more effective and efficient investigation activity. When the study was made public, it sparked a debate in the law enforcement community. A critical analysis of the Rand research, and the researcher's response appeared in the July 1976 issue of the police chief. The critical evaluation purported to demonstrate that the Rand study contains 'procedural errors', has a 'fatally limited' data base, and 'presents conclusions that do not follow from the data presented'. In their response, the Rand researchers, while acknowledging some instances of 'imprecise or misinterpretable wordings', contend that no contradictory evidence has been brought forth that suggests their basic conclusions are erroneous. Because of the importance of the issues involved, the National Institute has compiled its report, which includes the original summary of the criminal investigation study, the critical analysis, the researchers' response, and a revised summary prepared by the researchers.




Handbook of Criminal Investigation


Book Description

This book provides the most comprehensive and authoritative book yet published on the subject of criminal investigation, a rapidly developing area within the police and other law enforcement agencies, and an important sub discipline within police studies. The subject is rarely out of the headlines, and there is widespread media interest in criminal investigation. Within the police rapid strides are being made in the direction of professionalizing the criminal investigation process, and it has been a particular focus as a means of improving police performance. A number of important reports have been published in the last few years, highlighting the importance of the criminal investigation process not only to the work of the police but to public confidence in this. Each of these reports has identified shortcomings in the way criminal investigations have been conducted, and has made recommendations for improvement . The Handbook of Criminal Investigation provides a rigorous and critical approach to not only the process of criminal investigation, but also the context in which this takes place, the theory underlying it, and the variety of factors which influence approaches to it. It will be an indispensable source of reference for anybody with an interest in, and needing to know about, criminal investigation. Contributors to the book are drawn from both practitioners in the field and academics.




Managing Criminal Investigations


Book Description

Prescriptive package designed to assist police managers to improve the success of their departments' criminal investigation efforts. While skilled detectives are often essential, there are a number of new methods police managers can adopt to improve investigative success. Management issues addressed include budgeting and allocating resources; improving relationships with the prosecutor; interacting with the public, especially victims and witnesses; improving relationships between investigators and patrol officers; decentralizing detective assignments, particularly in neighborhood team policing approaches; using civilian employees for investigative tasks; assigning personnel; supervising and training investigative personnel; improving investigative procedures; and conducting investigative activities not related to specific cases. The suggestions are based on an examination of the investigative practices of six selected police departments, a review of the relevant literature and recent experiments in other departments, and the observations and conclusions of a panel of experienced police officials. It is especially interesting to note that many of the ideas require little or no additional resources. This report is written primarily for police chiefs and heads of detective units, but should also be of interest to other police officials and to local government officials such as city managers.




Civilianization


Book Description

A future analysis process was used to identify major trends and their impact on policing in the future. Trends considered include increased costs of police services, increased demand for services, pressures for effective use of resources and control of expenditures, development of alternative delivery systems, responsiveness to community needs, and innovations in police technology. On the basis of this analysis, three alternative future scenarios are developed. The scenario identified as most likely is the increased use of civilians in police investigative functions as a function of the cash less society, improved security and identification systems, associated changes in crime targets, and advances in computer technology and computer-aided investigation. Plans for implementation and transition management for this scenario are provided.




Criminal Procedure


Book Description




Police Investigation - Powers, Tactics and Techniques (Vol 1 and 2 combined) 4th Edition 2022


Book Description

With Sithannan’s book ‘Police Investigation-Powers, Tactics and Techniques’ 4th Edition 2022, every Police Officer will be able to do a comprehensive investigation even if he/ she just follow the checklists given. The book is written in simple language, which can be easily understood by all Police Officers and will serve as a valuable tool/guide for every officer who has to investigate a crime, participate in the All India Police Duty Meet etc. This is a more exhaustive treatise than his initial one, prepared when he was working in the Police Training College and which is still used by Investigating Officers all over the state of Tamil Nadu. In his present work titled ‘Police Investigation: Powers, Tactics and Techniques’, the author has meticulously catalogued the tools available to a police officer to become a successful investigator. He has carefully listed the duties of Police Officers at various stages of the investigation and the legal and statutory supports officially available to an investigating officer. The book contains 25 chapters and 4 annexures. In all the chapters, the author describes the problems at hand in elaborate detail, supported by relevant statistical and legal data, drawn from authentic sources. The first chapter includes a discussion on the development of settled society, the origin of law in society and the emergence of military and police in developing societies. In the following chapters, the author has given an exhaustive account of the role and powers of Police in the registration of offences and taking up of the investigation. He has also discussed problems encountered by a Police Officer during the investigation, the trial till the judgement. The book dexterously deals with problems such as the jurisdiction of a Police Officer, the dying declaration of victims, the conducting of inquest, arrest, interrogation and confession of the accused, etc. Apart from Police Officers, Advocates, Law and Judicial Officers would also find this book very useful as a reference book. The reference to judgements pertaining to a host of criminal cases during the period 1965-2018 merit careful study by the guardians of Law. The checklist provided at the end of each chapter can serve as a ready-reckoner to the Police Officers at various stages of the investigation. A trainee and a veteran equally will find this book a useful aid. To cite an example, under chapter 14, “Arrest”, he has cited 37 landmark judgements. By reading these fourteen pages alone one can avert many a pitfall. While writing this book, the academic pursuit of the author is in full bloom, as he has drawn valuable and authenticated data from various enactments, official documents, court judgements and a vast domain of related literature of national and international significance. Moreover, in this scholarly work, the author does not limit himself to expressing his sentiments of fellowship to the investigating Police Officers but also is concerned more about their legitimate and authorized duties, responsibilities, jurisdiction, rights of the accused and the natural processes of the long arm of the law. That the Author’s utopian ideal of no innocent person should be punished and no offender should go unpunished can be seen to dominate the whole message of the book. For this purpose, the Author has taken extra pains to give a balanced treatment of the whole problem of crime and its investigation.




Criminal Investigation


Book Description

Resource added for the Criminal Justice - Law Enforcement 105046 and Professional Studies 105045 programs.




The Criminal Investigation Process


Book Description

The descriptive results are discussed in terms of overall departmental characteristics, investigators' rank and qualifications, organization of the investigative function, interaction with other criminal justice agencies, investigative policies and operations, records and files, and innovative programs. In the final chapter, arrest and clearance rates of the responding departments are compared with other characteristics of the departments. However, the analysis showed no strong and consistent patterns that have operational significance for the organization of the investigative function. The third volume presents a comprehensive description of the criminal investigation process and analyzes those issues that can be illustrated by quantitative data.




Key Challenges in Criminal Investigation


Book Description

What are the current and future challenges in criminal investigation carried out by the police in the UK? How has the role of the detective changed over time and is there a real journey towards professionalism? Written by an author with extensive practical and training experience, this book provides a comprehensive overview and critical analysis of the development and practice of criminal investigation. It examines decision-making within criminal investigations, from volume crime through to major and serious crime investigations and links investigative influences on policing with the evidence-based agenda. The book: • discusses the move from the art and craft of detective work to a new science-based professionalism; • contextualises the current position of investigation within the context of government austerity measures and the College of Policing and Government agendas; • critically examines models of investigation such as the Core Investigative Doctrine and the Murder Investigation Manual; • explores the legal framework for modern critical investigations and the role of the IPCC. Part of Key themes in policing, a textbook series of evidence-based policing books for use within Higher Education curriculums and in practice, this book is suitable for policing and criminal justice programmes at undergraduate and postgraduate level.