Recovery Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca)


Book Description

"This plan identifies a range of actions that will contribute to recovery of Southern Resident killer whales. Many of these actions will have a direct effect on killer whale habitat, but they will also help restore and improve a range of habitats, species and ecosystem processes. Although the recovery plan is focused on Southern Residents, the proposed actions will benefit many native species and natural communities. The plan refers to significant efforts on local, state and regional levels to address recovery of other species (particularly salmon), clean up of Puget Sound and management of local resources. Salmon recovery programs throughout Washington, Oregon and California as well as in Canada identify goals that will benefit the entire ecosystem. The Puget Sound Partnership provides a comprehensive approach to cleaning up inland waters of Puget Sound. There are numerous local efforts that are also focused on improving the health of the ecosystem such as the Marine Stewardship Area established in San Juan County. Over time, each of these programs should improve the overall health and biodiversity of the ecosystem. This plan provides background information on Southern Resident killer whale life history and status, and existing protective measures. Recovery goals and criteria are provided along with recovery actions, research and monitoring tasks in a narrative outline. Priorities and costs for the measures are provided in an implementation table"--Introduction.







Species in the Spotlight


Book Description

"The Southern Resident killer whale DPS was listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 2005 following an almost 20% decline in the population. The Southern Residents were chosen as one of the eight most at-risk species because the population has relatively high mortality and low reproduction and they are currently well below the population growth goals identified in the Recovery Plan (NMFS 2008). Unlike other North Pacific killer whale populations, which have generally been increasing since federal protection was initiated in the 1970's, the Southern Resident population remains small and vulnerable and has not had a net increase in abundance since the mid-1980s. The comprehensive recovery program requires engagement from vital partners and long-term support over a large range from California to Alaska"--page 2, paragraph 1.




Recovery Strategy for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in Canada


Book Description

"The “Recovery Strategy for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Canada” was finalized and published on the Species at Risk Public Registry in 2008. Minor amendments to the recovery strategy were made in 2011 to provide additional clarification regarding critical habitat for Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales. This recovery strategy is here with amended once again to include identification of additional critical habitat for these populations and to provide minor updates to background and species information. Additionally, sections of the recovery strategy have been reordered to align with current templates"--Executive summary, p. vi.




Of Orcas and Men


Book Description

A journalist “convincingly spells out the threats to their survival, their misery in captivity, and what scientists can learn by studying them” (Kirkus). The orca—otherwise known as the killer whale—is one of earth’s most intelligent animals. Remarkably sophisticated, orcas have languages and cultures and even long-term memories, and their capacity for echolocation is nothing short of a sixth sense. They are also benign and gentle, which makes the story of the captive-orca industry—and the endangerment of their population in Puget Sound—that much more damning. In Of Orcas and Men, a marvelously compelling mix of cultural history, environmental reporting, and scientific research, David Neiwert explores an extraordinary species and its occasionally fraught relationship with human beings. Beginning with their role in myth and contemporary culture, Neiwert shows how killer whales came to capture our imaginations, and brings to life the often catastrophic environmental consequences of that appeal. In the tradition of Barry Lopez’s classic Of Wolves and Men, David Neiwert’s book is a triumph of reporting, observation, and research, and a powerful tribute to one of the animal kingdom’s most remarkable members. Praise for Of Orcas and Men “Human beings need to learn from and understand the cooperative nature of orca society. Everyone who is interested in both animal and human behavior should read this remarkable book.” —Temple Grandin, New York Times–bestselling author of Animals in Translation and Animals Make Us Human “Powerful and beautifully written.” —Jane Goodall “Humans and killer whales have a long and complicated history, one that David Neiwert describes forcefully and eloquently in this fascinating and highly readable book.” —David Kirby, New York Times–bestselling author of Death at SeaWorld “[A] breathtaking survey of orca science, folklore, and mystery.” —The Stranger




Action Plan for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus Orca) in Canada


Book Description

"The Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) were listed as Threatened and Endangered, respectively, under the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003. This Action Plan is considered one in a series of documents that are linked and should be taken into consideration together, including the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) status report, a recovery potential assessment, and the Recovery Strategy. Principal among the anthropogenic threats to recovery are reductions in the availability or quality of prey, environmental contamination, and both physical and acoustic disturbance. As these threats are common to all three ecotypes, the measures identified in the Resident Killer Whale Action Plan are highly likely to benefit Transient (Bigg's) and Offshore Killer Whale populations that frequent Canadian Pacific waters. This Action Plan outlines measures that provide the best chance of achieving the population and distribution objectives for the species, including the measures to be taken to address the threats and monitor the recovery of the species. The recovery strategy defined the population and distribution objective for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whale as: Ensure the long-term viability of Resident Killer Whale populations by achieving and maintaining demographic conditions that preserve their reproductive potential, genetic variation, and cultural continuity"--Executive summary, p. iii.




Report on the Progress of Recovery Strategy Implementation for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in Canada for the Period 2009-2014


Book Description

"This document reports the progress towards meeting the objectives listed in the Recovery Strategy for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Canada (Recovery Strategy) from 2009 to 2014 and should be considered as one of a linked series of documents for these populations, including: the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) status report (COSEWIC 2008), a Recovery Strategy (Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) 2009, amended in 2011), and an Action Plan (DFO 2016). Section 2 of the progress report reproduces or summarizes key information on the challenges the species is facing, the population goal for achieving its recovery, approaches for meeting this goal, and performance measures to gauge the progress of recovery. For more detail, readers should refer back to the Recovery Strategy. Section 3 reports the progress of activities identified in the Recovery Strategy supporting the recovery goal and objectives. Section 4 summarizes the progress made and the outcome of the recovery effort through 2014"--Introduction.




Exposure to a Mixture of Toxic Chemicals


Book Description

"The distinct population segment (DPS) of Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) was listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on 18 November 2005. The Southern Residents regularly occur in the inland waters of Washington and British Columbia during late spring, summer, and early fall. Less is known about their movements in the winter, but they occur in coastal waters from California to southeast Alaska. Many studies have indicated that they primarily consume Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Several major threats were identified--both in the final determination to list the Southern Resident killer whale DPS as endangered, and in the Southern Resident killer whale recovery plan--one of which was exposure to high levels of organochlorine contaminants and increasing levels of emerging contaminants. The primary objectives of this Technical Memorandum are to review the contaminants that may pose a risk to the Southern Resident killer whales and to discuss the health implications of exposure to these contaminants. In this report, we focus on three persistent organic pollutants (POPs): polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites. We focus on these three POPs because they are found at relatively high levels in the whales and may cause adverse health effects. We also describe what is currently known about the whales' geographic distribution and diet, as well as contaminant levels measured in their prey. We review the factors that influence contaminant bioaccumulation and the development of biomarkers for exposure and toxicity. Lastly, we highlight data gaps and make recommendations for future studies"--Executive Summary. [doi:10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-135 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-135)]