Technological Implications of SNAP Reactor Power System Development on Future Space Nuclear Power Systems


Book Description

Nuclear reactor systems are one method of satisfying space mission power needs. The development of such systems must proceed on a path consistent with mission needs and schedules. This path, or technology roadmap, starts from the power system technology data base available today. Much of this data base was established during the 1960s and early 1970s, when government and industry developed space nuclear reactor systems for steady-state power and propulsion. One of the largest development programs was the Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) Program. By the early 1970s, a technology base had evolved from this program at the system, subsystem, and component levels. There are many implications of this technology base on future reactor power systems. A review of this base highlights the need for performing a power system technology and mission overview study. Such a study is currently being performed by Rockwell's Energy Systems Group for the Department of Energy and will assess power system capabilities versus mission needs, considering development, schedule, and cost implications. The end product of the study will be a technology roadmap to guide reactor power system development.




Space Nuclear Propulsion and Power


Book Description

Space Nuclear Propulsion and Power: Principles, Systems, and Applications Unlock the Future of Space Exploration Space Nuclear Propulsion and Power: Principles, Systems, and Applications is a vital text for students, practitioners, and industry professionals, offering a deep exploration of space nuclear propulsion and power systems. This extensive guide provides essential knowledge for understanding and advancing technologies that will propel humanity into space. In-depth Coverage of Cutting-Edge Technologies This book examines various propulsion systems, including chemical and nuclear thermal propulsion. It details the fundamentals of rocket propulsion, combustion dynamics, nozzle design, and critical calculations. Readers gain insights into practical considerations, such as high-speed exhaust gas generation and efficiency optimization. Advanced Mathematical Formulations and Real-World Examples To ensure practical application, the book includes real-world examples and detailed mathematical formulations, such as the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, nuclear fission, radioactivity, and neutronics. These examples help readers understand and apply principles to their studies in space nuclear systems. The structured approach, combining theory with practical examples, makes complex concepts accessible and engaging. Innovative Power Solutions for Space Missions Beyond propulsion, the book explores radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and nuclear reactors for powering spacecraft and lunar bases. RTGs, converting heat from radioisotope decay into electricity, have powered missions like Voyager, Cassini, and New Horizons. Nuclear reactors offer high power levels for propulsion and power generation, with detailed coverage of Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) and Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP). NTP systems use a nuclear reactor to heat hydrogen, producing thrust, while NEP systems generate electricity to power electric thrusters, ideal for deep space missions. Powering Lunar Bases and Mars Missions Nuclear technologies extend beyond space travel to lunar and Mars missions. Nuclear reactors provide robust power sources for habitats, scientific experiments, and resource extraction on the Moon and Mars. These environments make solar power less viable, especially for long-duration missions. Nuclear power supports life support systems, communication, and mobility, offering sustainable energy where sunlight is insufficient. Inspiration for Future Innovators Space Nuclear Propulsion and Power is more than a textbook; it challenges readers to think critically about the future of space exploration and the role of nuclear technology. Emphasizing theory and practice integration, the book inspires curiosity and innovation, encouraging contributions to ongoing design and development in this fascinating field. Join the Journey to the Stars Whether you are a student or a seasoned professional, Space Nuclear Propulsion and Power offers valuable insights and guidance. Engage with the material, challenge presented concepts, and join the community advancing technologies that will shape space exploration's future and our understanding of the universe. Embrace the journey into the unknown and unlock the potential of space nuclear propulsion and power with this definitive text. Welcome to an exploration of technologies propelling humanity to the stars.




Nuclear Science


Book Description







Space Nuclear Fission Electric Power Systems


Book Description

The advantages of space nuclear fission power systems can be summarized as: compact size; low to moderate mass; long operating lifetimes; the ability to operate in extremely hostile environments; operation independent of the distance from the Sun or of the orientation to the Sun; and high system reliability and autonomy. In fact, as power requirements approach the tens of kilowatts and megawatts, fission nuclear energy appears to be the only realistic power option. The building blocks for space nuclear fission electric power systems include the reactor as the heat source, power generation equipment to convert the thermal energy to electrical power, waste heat rejection radiators and shielding to protect the spacecraft payload. The power generation equipment can take the form of either static electrical conversion elements that have no moving parts (e.g., thermoelectric or thermionic) or dynamic conversion components (e.g., the Rankine, Brayton or Stirling cycle). The U.S. has only demonstrated in space, or even in full systems in a simulated ground environment, uranium-zirconium-hydride reactor power plants. These power plants were designed for a limited lifetime of one year and the mass of scaled up power plants would probably be unacceptable to meet future mission needs. Extensive development was performed on the liquid-metal cooled SP-100 power systems and components were well on their way to being tested in a relevant environment. A generic flight system design was completed for a seven year operating lifetime power plant, but not built or tested. The former USSR made extensive use of space reactors as a power source for radar ocean reconnaissance satellites. They launched some 31 missions using reactors with thermoelectric power conversion systems and two with thermionic converters. Current activities are centered on Fission Surface Power for lunar applications. Activities are concentrating on demonstrating component readiness. This book will discuss the components that make up a nuclear fission power system, the principal requirements and safety issues, various development programs, status of developments, and development issues.




The SP-100 Space Reactor Power System Program


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Space Nuclear Power Applications


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A Comparative of Nuclear Technology and Direct Energy Conversion Methods for Space Power Systems


Book Description

The objectives of this thesis are to investigate the theory of direct energy conversion, research the development of space nuclear power systems, evaluate the status of current systems, and draw conclusions about the feasibility and merit of using nuclear power for future space missions. Development of the earliest systems began in 1955 with the Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) Program and Project Rover. A detailed review of system design and performance is provided for the reactors and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG's) of past and current programs. Thermoelectric and thermionic energy conversion techniques have been used predominantly in space nuclear power systems. The theory of these direct energy conversion methods is analyzed. Also, the safety review procedures and regulations governing the launch of nuclear sources into space are characterized. Conclusions compare accomplished levels of system performance to theoretically predicted limits and comment on the usefulness of space nuclear power for space applications.